{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:29:55Z","timestamp":1772648995871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582502400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess awareness of external auditory exostosis (EAE) among Australian surfers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional observational study, assessing professional and recreational Australian surfers. Currently, active surfers over 18 years of age, surfing year-round, were eligible to participate. After initial screening, individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire. All included volunteers underwent bilateral otoscopic examination, to assess the presence and severity of EAE.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 113 surfers were included in the study and were divided into two groups, based on surfing status: 93 recreational surfers and 20 professional surfers. Recreational surfers were significantly older (p&lt;0.005), more experienced (greater years surfing; p&lt;0.005), with lower prevalence of otological symptoms (p&lt;0.05). The most common symptoms were water trapping, impacted wax and hearing loss. Prevalence of EAE was high for both groups (95% in the professional surfers and 82.8% in the recreational surfers); however, recreational surfers had mild grade EAE (grade 1) as the most common presentation, as opposed to professionals who had severe grade EAE (grade 3) as the most common presentation (p&lt;0.05 between groups). Awareness of the term \u2018surfer\u2019s ear\u2019 was high for both groups, as was knowledge of prevention options. However, fewer considered the condition to be preventable, and an even lower number reported regular use of prevention methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Australian surfers had a high level of awareness of EAE; however, few reported using prevention methods, despite having a high prevalence of the condition. Health practitioners should screen susceptible individuals in order to recommend appropriate preventive measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T06:30:40Z","timestamp":1582698640000},"page":"e000641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Australian surfers\u2019 awareness of \u2018surfer\u2019s ear\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vini","family":"Simas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Based Research Unit, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Climstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Based Research Unit, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University - Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.1","first-page":"2313","article-title":"Health issues for surfers","volume":"71","author":"Zoltan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.2","first-page":"644","article-title":"Ear discomfort in a competitive surfer","volume":"45","author":"Simas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.3","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Information from your family doctor. safe surfing","volume":"71","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-2950-5"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.5","first-page":"187","article-title":"A review of 64 operations for removal of exostoses of the external ear canal","volume":"4","author":"Hurst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2004.00865.x"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.124474"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198906000-00012","article-title":"Surfer's ear in Japan","volume":"99","author":"Umeda","year":"1989","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.9","unstructured":"Stark A . Surfing Australia: annual report. Surfing Australia. Available: https:\/\/d30ei0jhgxjdue.cloudfront.net\/uploads\/ckeditor\/attachment_file\/data\/276\/uploads_2F1435204805063-54zzne6bmr4wjyvi-133cb642f101a604160efb1333196a42_2Fannual_report-2013.pdf [Accessed Jul 2019]."},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1258\/002221504323086525","article-title":"Prevalence of external auditory canal exostoses in Australian surfboard riders","volume":"118","author":"Hurst","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furness J , Hing WA , Abbott A , et al . Retrospective analysis of chronic injuries in recreational and competitive surfers: injury location, type, and mechanism. IJARE 2014;8.","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.08.03.06"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811402041","article-title":"Incidence of external auditory canal exostoses in competitive surfers in Japan","volume":"145","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215116008082","article-title":"Awareness and attitudes towards external auditory canal exostosis and its preventability in surfers in the UK: cross-sectional study","volume":"130","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2025083109335290000_6.1.e000641.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215111000041","article-title":"Surfers' awareness of the preventability of 'surfer's ear' and use of water precautions","volume":"125","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000641","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T16:34:02Z","timestamp":1756658042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopensem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000641","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7647","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}}}