{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T03:40:27Z","timestamp":1775792427028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017510","name":"UK Dementia Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-1003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-1003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the association and utility of blood plasma markers of neurodegeneration in a population of retired athletes self-reporting multiple concussions throughout a sporting career. It is hypothesised that this type of athletic history would cause an increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disease, as detected by biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease processes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred and fifty-nine participants were recruited (90 males, 69 females, mean age 61.3\u00b19.13 years), including 121 participants who had retired from playing professional or semiprofessional sports and self-reported \u22651 concussion during their careers (range 1\u201374; mean concussions=10.7). The control group included 38 age-matched and sex-matched controls, with no history of concussion. We measured neurofilament light (NfL) and tau (neurodegeneration markers), glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) (astrocytic activation marker) and 40 and 42 amino acid-long amyloid beta (A\u03b240 and A\u03b242) (Alzheimer-associated amyloid pathology markers) concentrations using ultrasensitive single molecule array technology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found retired athletes reporting one or more concussions throughout an athletic career showed no significant changes in NfL, tau, GFAP and A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 concentrations in comparison to a control group. No correlations were found between biomarkers and number of concussions (mean=10.7). A moderate correlation was found between NfL concentration and age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No difference in blood concentrations of neurodegeneration markers NfL, tau, GFAP and A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 was found in retired athletes with a history of concussion compared with controls. An increased prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is not detected by biomarkers in a population self-reporting multiple concussions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ISRCTN 11312093<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2022-001327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T11:55:23Z","timestamp":1662033323000},"page":"e001327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fluid biomarkers and risk of neurodegenerative disease in retired athletes with multiple concussions: results from the International Concussion and Head Injury Research Foundation Brain health in Retired athletes Study of Ageing and Impact-Related Neurodegenerative Disease (ICHIRF-BRAIN study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen James","family":"Swann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Fluid Biomarker Laboratory, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Concussion and Head Injury Research Foundation, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Heslegrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Fluid Biomarker Laboratory, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Fluid Biomarker Laboratory, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097791"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355478"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1158"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.09.007"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.99"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9164-5"},{"key":"2025083110343952000_8.3.e001327.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00222","article-title":"Absence 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