{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:28:54Z","timestamp":1792844934360,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Instrumented mouthguard (iMG) systems use different signal processing approaches limiting field-based inter-study comparisons, especially when artefacts are present in the signal. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency content and characteristics of head kinematic signals from head impact reconstruction laboratory and field-based environments to develop an artefact attenuation filtering method (HEADSport filter method).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory impacts (n=72) on a test-dummy headform ranging from 25 to 150\u2009g were conducted and 126 rugby union players were equipped with iMGs for 209 player-matches. Power spectral density (PSD) characteristics of the laboratory impacts and on-field head acceleration events (HAEs) (n=5694) such as the 95th percentile cumulative sum PSD frequency were used to develop the HEADSport method. The HEADSport filter method was compared with two other common filtering approaches (Butterworth-200Hz and CFC180 filter) through signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mixed linear effects models for laboratory and on-field events, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HEADSport filter method produced marginally higher SNR than the Butterworth-200Hz and CFC180 filter and on-field peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak angular acceleration (PAA) values within the magnitude range tested in the laboratory. Median PLA and PAA (and outlier values) were higher for the CFC180 filter than the Butterworth-200Hz and HEADSport filter method (p&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The HEADSport filter method could enable iMG field-based inter-study comparisons and is openly available at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/GTBiomech\/HEADSport-Filter-Method\">https:\/\/github.com\/GTBiomech\/HEADSport-Filter-Method<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2023-001758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T12:55:19Z","timestamp":1706705719000},"page":"e001758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Head Exposure to Acceleration Database in Sport (HEADSport): a kinematic signal processing method to enable instrumented mouthguard (iMG) field-based inter-study comparisons"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4666-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Tierney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Rowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Gellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis","family":"Biglarbeigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tooby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Farokh","family":"Payam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109333043000_10.1.e001758.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tierney G . 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