{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:05:14Z","timestamp":1791648314785,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Welsh Rugby Union"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female athletes engaging in high-impact sports have a higher prevalence of experiencing stress urinary incontinence (SUI). However, the prevalence of sport-specific SUI and associated risk factors in female rugby players is relatively unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence of general and rugby-related SUI and identify associated risk factors and inciting events in female rugby players.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observational, cross-sectional study of 396 female rugby players (age 28\u00b18 years, mass 80\u00b118\u2009kg, height 1.90\u00b10.19\u2009m, playing years 7\u00b16 years) participating in rugby across UK and Ireland completed an electronic questionnaire regardless of SUI status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>63 to 88% of players had SUI, and 43% had rugby-related SUI. There was an association with players reporting a change in incontinence status due to playing rugby (p&lt;0.001). Players who experienced constipation (OR 2.33 (95% CI 1.49 to 3.66)), had given birth (OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.18 to 4.73)) or who had a higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.08)), were identified as having increased odds of rugby-related SUI. For rugby-specific risk factors, playing as a forward (OR 1.97 (95% CI 1.29 to 3.01)) increased the odds, whereas playing at a national compared with amateur level (OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.97)) decreased the odds of rugby-related SUI. The most prevalent inciting SUI events were being tackled (75%), tackling (66%), running (63%) and jumping\/landing (59%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rugby-related SUI was prevalent in female rugby players. Risk factors were having constipation, a high BMI, being postpartum, playing position and level. Player welfare strategies addressing pelvic floor dysfunction and postpartum rehabilitation are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2023-001832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T12:59:19Z","timestamp":1707224359000},"page":"e001832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Stress urinary incontinence prevalence and risk factors in female rugby players: a common health problem across four nations"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Molly","family":"McCarthy-Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Rugby Union, Cardiff, 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