{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:49:58Z","timestamp":1791672598706,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rugby Football Union","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"World Rugby","award":["471320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["471320"]}]},{"name":"Premiership Rugby","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the likelihood of head acceleration events (HAEs) as a function of previously identified risk factors: match time, player status (starter or substitute) and pitch location in elite-level men\u2019s and women\u2019s rugby union matches.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Instrumented mouthguard data were collected from 179 and 107 players in the men\u2019s and women\u2019s games and synchronised to video-coded match footage. Head peak resultant linear acceleration (PLA) and peak resultant angular acceleration were extracted from each HAE. Field location was determined for HAEs linked to a tackle, carry or ruck. HAE incidence was calculated per player hour across PLA recording thresholds with 95% CIs estimated. Propensity was calculated as the percentage of contact events that caused HAEs across PLA recording thresholds, with a 95%\u2009CI estimated. Significance was assessed by non-overlapping 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>29\u2009099 and 6277 HAEs were collected from 1214 and 577 player-matches in the men\u2019s and women\u2019s games. No significant differences in match quarter HAE incidence or propensity were found. Substitutes had higher HAE incidence than starters at lower PLA recording thresholds for men but similar HAE propensity. HAEs were more likely to occur in field locations with high contact event occurrence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strategies to reduce HAE incidence need not consider match time or status as a substitute or starter as HAE rates are similar throughout matches, without differences in propensity between starters and substitutes. HAE incidence is proportional to contact frequency, and strategies that reduce either frequency or propensity for contact to cause head contact may be explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-001954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T13:15:21Z","timestamp":1728047721000},"page":"e001954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Player and match characteristics associated with head acceleration events in elite-level men\u2019s and women\u2019s rugby union matches"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Allan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tooby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Rugby Limited, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Rugby Limited, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9anna C","family":"Falvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Rugby Limited, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Rugby Limited, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith A","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), University of Bath, Bath, UK"},{"name":"Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4274-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Premiership Rugby, London, UK"},{"name":"England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P T","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"O'Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Medicine Service, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Marker Diagnostics UK Ltd, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Premiership Rugby, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4666-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083112222294000_10.4.e001954.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tierney G . 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Comparing head acceleration events in Elite men\u2019s and women\u2019s Rugby union tackle events using instrumented mouthguards and video analysis. 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