{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:03:16Z","timestamp":1787162596621,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"English Football Association","award":["1750119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1750119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the incidence and burden of concussion in elite English football; and to compare between sexes (men\u2019s vs women\u2019s football), activity (matches vs training) and level (international vs domestic).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concussion injuries in men\u2019s and women\u2019s international football (2012\u20132022) and men\u2019s (2013\u20132022) and women\u2019s (2018\u20132022) English domestic football were diagnosed and recorded by club\/team-based medical practitioners, alongside training and match exposure. Severity was also reported based on days lost due to concussion; subsequently, incidence and burden were calculated. Comparisons were made between sexes (men\u2019s vs women\u2019s football), activity (matches vs training) and level (international vs domestic) using ORs (relative to non-concussion injuries).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>327 concussions were reported. Concussion accounted for 7% of all injuries in women\u2019s international football, 5% in women\u2019s domestic, 3% in men\u2019s international, and 2% in men\u2019s domestic. Concussions were more likely to occur in matches than training (OR 1.03\u20132.55), with this difference only significant for men\u2019s and women\u2019s domestic football. The burden was higher for matches than training (OR 1.38\u20131.63), except for women\u2019s international football, which was lower in matches (OR 0.46). Concussions were more likely to occur in women\u2019s international training than domestic (OR 1.81), and the burden was higher in international football (OR 1.10\u20133.93). The incidence (OR 2.09\u20134.65) and burden (OR 1.55\u20135.34) of concussion were higher in women compared with men\u2019s football.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data provide benchmark statistics for concussions in elite English football, enabling comparisons and assessing the efficacy of future concussion prevention strategies. Contextual factors such as sex (women&gt;men), activity (matches&gt;training), and level (international&gt;domestic) influence the incidence and burden of concussion injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-002297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T12:18:13Z","timestamp":1741004293000},"page":"e002297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The incidence and burden of concussion in men\u2019s and women\u2019s English professional football"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley","family":"Sprouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3607-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Varley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01411-8","article-title":"The Football Association Injury and Illness Surveillance Study: The Incidence, Burden and Severity of Injuries and Illness in Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s International Football","volume":"54","author":"Sprouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.3","first-page":"495","article-title":"Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"42","author":"Gessel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091941"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0854-4"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.6","first-page":"418","article-title":"Concussion occurrence and knowledge in italian football (soccer)","volume":"9","author":"Broglio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.510800","article-title":"Soccer-Related Concussions Among Swedish Elite Soccer Players: A Descriptive Study of 1,030 Players","volume":"11","author":"H\u00e4nni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2020-0004","article-title":"Concussion in soccer: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Mooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511435626"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513507767"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-017-0127-6","article-title":"Multifactorial examination of sex-differences in head injuries and concussions among collegiate soccer players: NCAA ISS, 2004-2009","volume":"4","author":"Chandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967117701708","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117701708","article-title":"Effects of Sex and Event Type on Head Impact in Collegiate Soccer","volume":"5","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13644","article-title":"Concussion incidence and recovery in Swedish elite soccer - prolonged recovery in female players","volume":"30","author":"Vedung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967120951077","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120951077","article-title":"Concussions in Soccer: An Epidemiological Analysis in the Pediatric Population","volume":"8","author":"Chatha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.05"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00528.x"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.19","unstructured":"Fuller C , Taylor A . The Football Association injury and illness surveillance study: guidance document. 2013."},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260031601","article-title":"Concussion history in elite male and female soccer players","volume":"26","author":"Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000099081.20125.A5"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.009357"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.07.007"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00691","article-title":"Preliminary Evidence for a Window of Increased Vulnerability to Sustain a Concussion in Females: A Brief Report","volume":"10","author":"La Fountaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32728590","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120932306","article-title":"Sport-Related Concussion in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"McGroarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04128-3","article-title":"Physiological comparison between non-athletes, endurance, power and team athletes","volume":"119","author":"Degens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.369"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092734"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093406"},{"key":"2025022807201437000_11.1.e002297.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518785901"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-002297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T12:18:34Z","timestamp":1741004314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopensem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-002297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-002297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-002297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7647","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}