{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:40:20Z","timestamp":1790048420738,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["375089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["375089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Football League Scientific Advisory Board Play Smart Play Safe Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between tackle characteristics and suspected concussion among Canadian high school girls\u2019 rugby union players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case\u2013control video-analysis study was used to examine the association between a priori tackle characteristics (eg, type, height, head position) and suspected concussion. For every concussive tackle event, six non-concussive tackle events were matched for game and team. Penalised logistic regression was used to estimate ORs with 95% CIs for concussion given tackle characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>33 concussive tackle events, including 38 concussions, were identified. 20 were ball carrier concussions (53%). 261 (228 non-concussive, 33 concussive) tackle events, including 632 individual tackler and ball carrier instances, were coded. All ball carrier head contact intensity types were associated with concussion compared with no head contact. A trip tackle type (OR: 4.41, 95%\u2009CI 1.25 to 15.61), illegal tackle type (OR: 4.41, 95%\u2009CI 2.67 to 7.29), deceleration (OR: 14.03, 95%\u2009CI 4.65 to 42.30) and no change of speed (OR: 18.81, 95%\u2009CI 10.04 to 35.24) increased concussion odds for ball carriers. A tap (OR: 10.64, 95%\u2009CI 2.00 to 56.62) and trip tackle type (OR: 5.91, 95%\u2009CI 3.18 to 10.99), two (OR: 3.38, 95%\u2009CI 1.13 to 10.07) or three (OR: 13.91, 95%\u2009CI 1.74 to 111.53) tacklers within the event, and a head-down position (OR: 40.54, 95%\u2009CI 27.78 to 59.18) increased concussion odds for tacklers. Higher tackler contact on ball carrier (tackle height) increased concussion odds for ball carrier (reference: knee-to-upper-leg; waist-to-sternum OR: 2.27, 95%\u2009CI 1.08 to 4.80; sternum-to-armpit OR: 5.65, 95%\u2009CI 1.40 to 22.87) and tacklers (sternum-to-armpit OR: 4.20, 95%\u2009CI 1.26 to 14.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous tackle characteristics were associated with ball carrier and tackler concussion. This is the first study to identify tackle height on ball carrier as a risk factor for concussion in girls\u2019 rugby. Future directions should consider tackle training programmes and lower tackle height as potential concussion prevention solutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T06:35:14Z","timestamp":1757572514000},"page":"e002573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tackle characteristics and suspected concussion: recommendations to improve high school girls\u2019 rugby tackle safety"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0175-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isla J","family":"Shill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen W","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Universities of Edinburgh and Bath, Edinburgh and Bath, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3784-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Galarneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Omokuale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharief","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiological Sciences and Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport (HPALS) Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Universities of Edinburgh and Bath, Edinburgh and Bath, UK"},{"name":"Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith A","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness 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