{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T18:10:18Z","timestamp":1756663818428,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This pilot protocol study aims to evaluate the effects of an adapted Taekwondo-based intervention on upper limb strength and overall functional capacity in elderly care home residents. Considering the global trend of population ageing, physical activity interventions in care facilities are essential to mitigate functional decline and enhance well-being among this population. 20 participants will be stratified into walking and non-walking groups to reflect the diverse functional levels within the facility. The primary outcome will focus on upper limb strength, which will be assessed using the handgrip test. In contrast, secondary outcomes will evaluate functional capacity through the Short Physical Performance Battery, the Senior Fitness Test and mobility assessments. With its emphasis on arm movements, the Taekwondo-based intervention is expected to improve upper limb strength and overall functional abilities, supporting active ageing and enhancing participants\u2019 quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:45:22Z","timestamp":1745541922000},"page":"e002613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of an adapted Taekwondo-based intervention on functional and motor abilities in elderly care home residents: a study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6954-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Senesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9644-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Scoppolini Massini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6797-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Zinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Davalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Studi Federazione Italiana Taekwondo, Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bragonzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322121"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.28510","article-title":"Association of Leisure Time Physical Activity Types and Risks of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality Among Older Adults","volume":"5","author":"Watts","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33330-0_12","article-title":"Physical Exercise for Frailty and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"1216","author":"Ricci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2018.0042","article-title":"The level of physical activity in elderly persons with overweight and obesity","volume":"69","author":"Zbro\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665123002203","article-title":"How can physical activity facilitate a sustainable future? Reducing obesity and chronic disease","volume":"82","author":"Stensel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032796","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity and diabetes in middle-aged and elderly people","volume":"102","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7178.205"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(02)00022-8"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.9","first-page":"477","article-title":"Body Fat and Physical Activity Modulate the Association Between Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis in Elderly Korean Women","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0705-4"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02642-8","article-title":"Effects of different exercise training modes on muscle strength and physical performance in older people with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-016-9641-0"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.03.004","article-title":"The impact of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on frailty levels","volume":"180","author":"Kehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1024\/1661-8157\/a003853","article-title":"K\u00f6rperliche Aktivit\u00e4t und psychische Gesundheit: Fokus Alter [Physical Activity and Mental Health in the Elderly]","volume":"111","author":"Hemmeter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Praxis"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1386-6","article-title":"A multicomponent exercise intervention to improve physical functioning, cognition and psychosocial well-being in elderly nursing home residents: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial in the PROCARE (prevention and occupational health in long-term care) project","volume":"19","author":"Cordes","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01123-3","article-title":"The effects of a moderate physical activity intervention on physical fitness and cognition in healthy elderly with low levels of physical activity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Galle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0730","article-title":"Physical activity perceptions, experiences, and beliefs of older adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s disease and their care partners","volume":"45","author":"Bechard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7807856","article-title":"Potential Benefits of Physical Activity in MCI and Dementia","volume":"2020","author":"Nuzum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1175-2","article-title":"Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016218","article-title":"Physical activity programs for balance and fall prevention in elderly: A systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01041-3","article-title":"Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"17","author":"Sherrington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.22","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240015128"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.23","unstructured":"Eurostat . Population structure and ageing. 2023. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing&action=statexp-seat&lang=it#Tendenze_passate_e_future_dell.27invecchiamento_della_popolazione_nell.27UE [Accessed 24 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2020-0027","article-title":"Epidemiologic Research on Healthy Life Expectancy and Proposal for Its Extension: A Revised English Version of Japanese in the Journal of the Japan Medical Association 2019;148(9):1781-4","volume":"3","author":"Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMA J"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50259.x"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1590-x","article-title":"Editorial: Exercise, Aging and Frailty: Guidelines for Increasing Function","volume":"25","author":"Merchant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.11.019","article-title":"Prevention of Functional Decline by Reframing the Role of Nursing Homes?","volume":"18","author":"Laffon de Mazi\u00e8res","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.08.004"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020874","article-title":"A Review on Aging, Sarcopenia, Falls, and Resistance Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"19","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.30","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/depression-global-health-estimates [Accessed 24 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.31","unstructured":"ISTAT . Le strutture residenziali socio-assistenziali e socio-sanitarie. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.istat.it\/comunicato-stampa\/le-strutture-residenziali-socio-assistenziali-e-socio-sanitarie-anno-2021\/ [Accessed 24 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-333","article-title":"Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Rezende","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2118869","article-title":"Increasing physical activity levels in care homes for older people: a quantitative scoping review of intervention studies to guide future research","volume":"45","author":"Wylie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1123\/JAPA.2013-0091","article-title":"Levels and patterns of daily physical activity and sedentary behavior measured objectively in older care home residents in the United Kingdom","volume":"23","author":"Barber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.05.016","article-title":"Daily (In)Activities of Nursing Home Residents in Their Wards: An Observation Study","volume":"16","author":"den Ouden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000491818"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.10.025","article-title":"Physical activity and physical fitness of nursing home residents with cognitive impairment: A pilot study","volume":"100","author":"Marmeleira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.01.008","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms and quality of life among elderly nursing home residents: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Lok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.05.037","article-title":"Impact of Tailored Multicomponent Exercise for Preventing Weakness and Falls on Nursing Home Residents\u2019 Functional Capacity","volume":"23","author":"Courel-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S425271","article-title":"Physical Activity Mediates the Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults in Nursing Homes","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S430968","article-title":"Tai Chi as a Body-Mind Exercise for Promotion of Healthy Aging in Nursing Home Residents: Appropriateness, Feasibility, and Effectiveness","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4013989","article-title":"Effects of Ving Tsun Chinese Martial Art Training on Upper Extremity Muscle Strength and Eye-Hand Coordination in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Pilot Study","volume":"2016","author":"Fong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547&ndash;5069.2009.01249.x"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14590","article-title":"Tai chi and yoga in residential aged care: Perspectives of participants: A qualitative study","volume":"27","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03749-w","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of health benefits through a modified Taekwondo activity among nursing home residents","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062935","article-title":"Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Health-Related Physical Fitness, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Elderly Women with Hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.47","article-title":"Taekwondo training improves balance in volunteers over 40","volume":"5","author":"Pons van Dijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136762","article-title":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"18","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2024.101878","article-title":"Impact of Taekwondo training on cognitive and physical function in elderly individuals: A comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060962","article-title":"Taekwondo Enhances Cognitive Function as a Result of Increased Neurotrophic Growth Factors in Elderly Women","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.51","first-page":"176","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness: the new geriatric giants: Approach for primary care","volume":"66","author":"Freedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8251-6","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults: a scoping review of reviews","volume":"20","author":"Fakoya","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.53","first-page":"3","article-title":"Functional Benefits of Hard Martial Arts for Older Adults: A Scoping Review","volume":"15","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270132","article-title":"Validity and reliability of handgrip dynamometry in older adults: A comparison of two widely used dynamometers","volume":"17","author":"Benton","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz154","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of the Short Physical Performance Battery for Detecting Frailty in Older People","volume":"100","author":"Perracini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.129"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.58","unstructured":"Clarkson HM . Musculoskeletal Assessment: Joint Range of Motion, Muscle Testing, and Function. 4th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2020."},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147381","article-title":"Effects of Olympic Combat Sports on Older Adults\u2019 Health Status: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Vald\u00e9s-Badilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025083110573046000_11.2.e002613.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.01.008","article-title":"Balance Problems and Fall Risks in the Elderly","volume":"35","author":"Cuevas-Trisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T17:57:42Z","timestamp":1756663062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopensem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002613","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7647"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2055-7647"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}