{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1784632060540,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the onset, frequency and time loss impact of recurrent calf muscle strain injuries in elite male Australian football players over a decade. To explore how outcomes are affected by alternative recurrence definitions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Calf muscle strain injuries were reported to the Soft Tissue Injury Registry of the Australian Football League (2014\u20132023). Cases were categorised as index versus recurrent injuries. Alternate recurrence definitions varied based on: (1) timing (ie, subsequent injuries occurring before or after full recovery (a return to full training) and (2) location (ie, subsequent injuries involving the same side but not necessarily same muscle vs only those confirmed to involve the same muscle).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>563 injuries in 359 players were evaluated. Recurrences resulted in \u22652153 total days lost over 10 years and \u226535.6 days lost on average per injury. Recurrence frequencies within 2 years (13%\u201321.3%), within the same season (7.5%\u201313.9%) and within 2 months (2.9%\u20137.3%) varied depending on the definition. 20% of all subsequent injuries occurred before full recovery, and these injuries took on average 46.7\u00b125.6 days to return to play.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recurrent calf muscle strain injuries in elite male Australian football players commonly have prolonged time loss, irrespective of timing or location. A 2-year recurrence susceptibility is consistent across onsets, and cases that fail early can have a large impact when accounted for. We need to \u2018talk the same language\u2019 in research and practice to better understand and prevent recurrences for a given type of injury across different sports and sporting levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T13:10:15Z","timestamp":1756905015000},"page":"e002865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What is a recurrence? The onset, frequency and time loss impact of recurrent calf muscle strain injuries in elite male Australian football players over a decade"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brady","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony G","family":"Schache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Trobe Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Pizzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"La Trobe Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100666"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100755"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520959327","article-title":"Return to Play and Recurrence After Calf Muscle Strain Injuries in Elite Australian Football Players","volume":"48","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00286-3","article-title":"Recurrent and Subsequent Injuries in Professional and Elite Sport: a Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Bitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13552","article-title":"Calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian Football players: A descriptive epidemiological evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105407","article-title":"Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men\u2019s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001\/02 to 2021\/22","volume":"57","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097659"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101969"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180471b89"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0879-3","article-title":"An Updated Subsequent Injury Categorisation Model (SIC-2.0): Data-Driven Categorisation of Subsequent Injuries in Sport","volume":"48","author":"Toohey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107133"},{"key":"2025090306100679000_11.3.e002865.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14586","article-title":"Are all hamstring injuries equal? 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