{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:13:26Z","timestamp":1788264806551,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the methodological characteristics and content of published hamstring muscle injury (HMI) rehabilitation programmes in order to inform clinical practice and guide future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science electronic databases, on October 2024, using key terms \u201chamstring\u201d and \u201crehabilitation\u201d, with strategies refined after a preliminary search. Eligible studies included English-language publications involving non-surgically managed acute HMI in humans and reporting rehabilitation protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 137 articles. Primary research (43.1%, n=59) included mostly cohort and randomised controlled trials (RCTs); secondary research articles (54.0%, n=74) were predominantly narrative reviews. Overall, 54.7% of studies had a low level of evidence. Only 44.2% of primary research focused on HMI rehabilitation programmes of which 47.8% were RCTs. Rehabilitation programme details were often missing. In the subacute\/functional phases, strengthening (78.3%) and stretching (55.6%) were most frequently reported. Return-to-sport criteria were reported in only 43.5% of primary research, often based on pain resolution. Across both primary and secondary research, 40 different rehabilitation strategies were identified, with the most frequently reported being eccentric-based strengthening, flexibility exercises, progressive running and agility protocols. Key gaps included lack of standardisation, under-reporting of programme parameters and limited inclusion of diverse sporting populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current scientific literature on HMI rehabilitation programmes shows wide variety, limited high-level evidence primary research and under-reporting of key clinical details. More rigorous and inclusive studies are needed to improve the standardisation and clinical applicability of rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-003110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1788261611000},"page":"e003110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hamstring muscle injury rehabilitation in sports: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"A\u00efda","family":"Cadellans-Arr\u00f3niz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de 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