{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:23:46Z","timestamp":1791347026766,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Sex Reprod Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reproductive control of women by others comprises a wide range of behaviours, from persuasion to pressure such as emotional blackmail, societal or family expectations, through to threats of or actual physical violence. It is defined as behaviours that interfere with women\u2019s reproductive autonomy as well as any actions that pressurise or coerce a woman into initiating or terminating a pregnancy<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Narrative review based on a search of medical and social science literature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reproductive control by others includes control or coercion over decisions about becoming pregnant and also about continuing or terminating a pregnancy. It can be carried out by intimate partners, the wider family, or as part of criminal behaviour. One form is contraceptive sabotage, which invalidates the consent given to sex. Contraceptive sabotage includes the newly-described behaviour of \u2018stealthing\u2019: the covert removal of a condom during sex. Reproductive control by others is separate from intimate partner violence but there are similarities and the phenomena overlap. Reproductive control by others is reported by as many as one quarter of women attending sexual and reproductive healthcare services. Those treating such women should be familiar with the concept and how to ameliorate its effects. Screening questions for its detection have been developed as well as interventions to reduce its risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reproductive control by others is common and those working in women\u2019s health should be familiar with the concept and with screening tools used to detect it.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T15:29:24Z","timestamp":1546961364000},"page":"61-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Reproductive control by others: means, perpetrators and effects"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5940-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Rowlands","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2307\/4065196","article-title":"Rights to sexual and reproductive health: the ICPD and the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women","volume":"4","author":"Shalev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.2","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Addressing barriers to reproductive autonomy among sexually active female university students in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Fawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Health Open J"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.045"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eog.10.44"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016663935","article-title":"Reproductive coercion: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Grace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.209","article-title":"A systematic review of reproductive coercion in international settings","volume":"8","author":"Grace","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Med Health Policy"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.02.023"},{"key":"2025090511474286000_45.1.61.8","unstructured":"Williamson E . 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