{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:35:07Z","timestamp":1768523707805,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Sex Reprod Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Abortions are common and associated with procedural pain. We aimed to evaluate benefits and harms of local anaesthesia given for pain control during surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched a systematic review on local anaesthesia for pain control for surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation using uterine aspiration. We searched multiple databases through December 2022. We evaluated study quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) instrument and assessed the certainty of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Outcomes included intraoperative pain (with dilation, aspiration or procedure), patient satisfaction and adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirteen studies with 1992 participants met the inclusion criteria and the majority were judged as low risk of bias. Intervention protocols were heterogeneous, limiting meta-analysis. A 20\u2009mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block (PCB) reduced pain with dilation compared with sham PCB (mean difference (MD) \u221237.00, 95%\u2009CI \u221245.64 to \u221228.36) and aspiration (MD \u221226.00, 95%\u2009CI \u221233.48 to \u221218.52; 1 randomised controlled trial (RCT), n=120; high-certainty evidence). A PCB with 14\u2009mL 1% chloroprocaine was associated with a slight reduction in pain during aspiration compared with normal saline PCB injected at two or four sites (MD \u22121.50, 95%\u2009CI \u22122.45 to \u22120.55; 1 RCT, n=79; high-certainty evidence). Other RCTs compared a range of local anaesthetic types, PCB techniques and topical anaesthetics. Participants reported moderately high satisfaction with any type of pain control and studies reported few adverse events that were rarely medication-related.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RCT evidence supports PCB efficacy but was inconsistent and of low certainty for topical anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2024-202437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T13:21:18Z","timestamp":1724937678000},"page":"54-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Local anaesthesia for pain control in surgical abortion before 14 weeks of pregnancy: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Renner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1263-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine","family":"Ennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"McKercher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jillian T","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA"},{"name":"Cochrane Fertility Regulation Group, Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5040-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090511444044000_51.1.54.1","unstructured":"Guttmacher Institute . Unintended pregnancy and abortion worldwide. 2022. Available: www.guttmacher.org\/fact-sheet\/induced-abortion-worldwide [Accessed 07 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2025090511444044000_51.1.54.2","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) . CDC\u2019s abortion surveillance system FAQs. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductive-health\/data-statistics\/abortion-surveillance-system.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/Data_Stats\/Abortion.htm [Accessed 7 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2025090511444044000_51.1.54.3","unstructured":"Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2021. GOV.UK Office for Health Improvement & Disparities, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2021\/abortion-statistics-england-and-wales-2021 [Accessed 7 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2025090511444044000_51.1.54.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(89)90113-6","article-title":"Control of pain for women undergoing abortion","volume":"3","author":"Stubblefield","year":"1989","journal-title":"Suppl Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025090511444044000_51.1.54.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Abortion care guideline. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240039483 [accessed 7 Dec 2023]"},{"key":"2025090511444044000_51.1.54.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renner R-M , Jensen JTJ , Nichols MDN , et al . Pain control in first trimester surgical abortion. 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