{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:14:43Z","timestamp":1761488083803,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DTB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The introduction of combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine into the UK childhood immunisation schedule in 1988 has markedly reduced the incidence of these diseases and their complications, with, for example, no deaths from acute measles occurring since 1992.1<jats:sup>,<\/jats:sup>2 However, uptake of MMR vaccine has fallen since the publication, in 1998, of a study that suggested a link between exposure to the vaccine and the development of intestinal inflammation and autism.3 The study, and the subsequent debate, have attracted considerable media coverage and left many parents and some healthcare professionals uncertain about what to do.4 While in 1996, 92% of children in England and Wales had received their first dose of the vaccine by the age of 2 years, by 2001-2 this figure had fallen to 84%, with much lower uptake in some regions, threatening a resurgence of all three diseases.2 Here, we review the evidence for the effectiveness and safety of MMR vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2003.41425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,18]],"date-time":"2008-07-18T16:15:40Z","timestamp":1216397740000},"page":"25-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["MMR vaccine - how effective and how safe?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.1","unstructured":"Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, DHSS (Northern Ireland). Immunisation against infectious disease London: HMSO 1996."},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.2","unstructured":"Public Health Laboratory Service. 2003 Vaccines and vaccine safety [online]. Available: http:\/\/www.phls.co.uk\/topics_az\/vaccination\/vacc_menu.htm [Accessed 19 March 2003]."},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0","article-title":"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children","volume":"351","author":"Wakefield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.5.1057","article-title":"Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Pediatric AIDS. Measles immunisation in HIV-infected children","volume":"103","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.6","unstructured":"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Immunisation of the immunocompromised child Best practice statement February 2002."},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7239.929","article-title":"Recommendations for using MMR vaccine in children allergic to eggs","volume":"320","author":"Khakoo","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.68.1.18","article-title":"Clinical and serological evaluation of measles, mumps, and rubella (HPV-77:DE-5 and RA 27\/3) virus vaccines, singly and in combination","volume":"68","author":"Lerman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.6.612","article-title":"Serological evaluation of a measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine","volume":"63","author":"Robertson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.6.612"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(05)80282-3"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411243312101"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80726-7"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199907000-00010"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.47"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.5.e62","article-title":"Day-to-day reactogenicity and the healthy vaccinee effect of measles-mumps-rubella vaccination [online]","volume":"106","author":"Virtanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.5.e62"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90471-9"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003077"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.5.957"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.7.739"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91069-X"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290100752"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01790.x"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6834.1075"},{"key":"2025082722530360000_41.4.25.26","unstructured":"Medical Research Council. 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