{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T10:33:12Z","timestamp":1756463592993,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DTB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly selective COX-2 inhibitors ('coxibs') were developed in an attempt to minimise severe gastrointestinal toxicity associated with conventional NSAIDs, without loss of anti-inflammatory efficacy. Five years ago, we concluded that the evidence then available indicated, at most, a small advantage for rofecoxib and celecoxib (the first coxibs to be marketed) over conventional NSAIDs in terms of reduced risk of severe gastrointestinal complications, such as bleeding or perforation of gastric or duodenal ulcers.1 In September 2004, newly released evidence about cardiovascular risk with rofecoxib led Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme to voluntarily withdraw the drug worldwide.2 This has raised questions about the balance of benefit and risk with coxibs in general. Here we discuss the evidence relating to the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular safety of coxibs in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2005.4311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,18]],"date-time":"2008-07-18T16:15:40Z","timestamp":1216397740000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Taking stock of coxibs"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"43","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Are rofecoxib and celecoxib safer NSAIDs?","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"DTB"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.2","unstructured":"Young, JH . Dear Doctor Letter Merck Sharp & Dohme 1 October 2004."},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7563","article-title":"Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: A full in vitro analysis","volume":"96","author":"Warner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7563"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108093450607"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048288"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127578.21885.3E"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000046212"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00414-5"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033454027"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hco.0000136130.95746.14"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16893-1"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7365.619"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125002469"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.07.004"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.16","first-page":"1623","article-title":"A randomized, controlled, clinical trial of etoricoxib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00629-X","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated dyspepsia: the scale of the problem","volume":"110","author":"Brun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.18","first-page":"35","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal tolerability of celecoxib compared with diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"McKenna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.19.2998","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tolerability of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor rofecoxib compared with nonselective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in osteoarthritis","volume":"160","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.20","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence. 2001 Guidance on the use of cyclo-oxygenase (Cox) II selective inhibitors, celecoxib, rofecoxib, meloxicam and etodolac for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis [online]. 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Available: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cder\/drug\/infopage\/vioxx\/vioxxgraham.pdf [Accessed 14 December 2004].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accreview.2005.03.008"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.46","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 2004 Advice for patients following the withdrawal of a widely-used pain killer\/anti-inflammatory - Vioxx Available: http:\/\/www.mhra.gov.uk\/news\/vioxx.htm [Accessed 14 December 2004]."},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17514-4","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular events and rofecoxib: cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"364","author":"J\u00fcni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17514-4"},{"key":"2025082623580833000_43.1.1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16894-3"}],"container-title":["Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/dtb.2005.4311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T06:58:19Z","timestamp":1756277899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dtb.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/dtb.2005.4311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/dtb.2005.4311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/dtb.2005.4311","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6543","1755-5248"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0012-6543"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1755-5248"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}