{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:48:34Z","timestamp":1761518914985,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DTB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> deficiency is common, becoming more so with age, and estimates of its population prevalence have ranged from 1.5% to 15%.1<jats:sup>,<\/jats:sup>2 If untreated, it can lead to megaloblastic anaemia and irreversible neurological complications. In the UK, the usual treatment is regular intramuscular injections of hydroxocobalamin.3<jats:sup>,<\/jats:sup>4 High-dose oral vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> replacement is standard practice in some other countries5 and less costly.6 Here we review issues around adopting an oral vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> replacement regimen more widely in the UK.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2009.01.0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]],"date-time":"2009-02-04T08:07:54Z","timestamp":1233734874000},"page":"19-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Oral or intramuscular vitamin B<sub>12<\/sub>?: Table 1"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"47","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cml008","article-title":"Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"23","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cml008"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.3","unstructured":"NHS. Prescription cost analysis England 2008 [online] Available: http:\/\/www.ic.nhs.uk\/webfiles\/publications\/PCA%20publication\/PCA%202007%20complete%20V2.pdf.prescription-cost-analysis-2007 [Accessed 23 January 2009]."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.4","unstructured":"Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary Edition 56 BMJ Group and RPS Publishing 2008."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.5","unstructured":"Norberg B . Deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate \u2013 the branded generic for optimal oral therapy [editorial]. Rondel 2008 28[online] Available http:\/\/www.rondellen.net\/index_eng.htm [Accessed 23 January 2009]."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/14017430601049449","article-title":"Comparing costs of intramuscular and oral vitamin B12 administration in primary care: a cost-minimization analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Vidal-Alaball","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green R Miller JW . Vitamin B12. In: Zempleni J Rucker RB . (Eds) Handbook of Vitamins Fourth Edition. Boca Raton. Florida, Taylor and Francis 2007.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005806.ch13"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.8","unstructured":"Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals Secretariat, . Revised review of vitamin B12 [online] Available: http:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/multimedia\/pdfs\/EVM0020P.pdf. [Accessed 23 January 2009] 2002."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.9","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academia. Dietary Reference Intake: Vitamins [online] Available: http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/object.File\/Master\/54\/411\/DRIs.Vitamins.pdf. [Accessed 23 January 2009] 2008."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1968.tb02452.x","article-title":"Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor.","volume":"184","author":"Berlin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-040253","article-title":"How I treat cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency.","volume":"112","author":"Carmel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidal-Alaball J . Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 Issue 3 Art. No.: CD004655. [Date of most recent substansive amendment 25 May 2005].","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004655.pub2"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.02.013","article-title":"Clinical aspects of cobalamin deficiency in elderly patients. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment with special focus on oral cobalamin therapy.","volume":"18","author":"Andres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.02.013"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.357"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj042"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7564.385","article-title":"Diagnosing vitamin B\u201312 deficiency on the basis of serum B-12 assay.","volume":"333","author":"Devalia","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7564.385"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.19","unstructured":"CKS, . Anaemia - vitamin B12 and folate deficiency-Management. Management Clinical summary: Management of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia 2009 [online] Available: http:\/\/cks.library.nhs.uk\/anaemia_b12_and_folate_deficiency\/management\/detailed_answer\/treatment_for_b12deficiancy#-320499 [Accessed 23 January 2009] 2009."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Time to drop cyanocobalamin? 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Lancet 1955 i 1076.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(55)91151-X"},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.26","unstructured":"Neo-Cytamen injection 1000 mcg Summary of product characteristics, UK UCB Pharma Limited September 2008."},{"key":"2025082702532474000_47.2.19.27","unstructured":"Sweetman S . (Ed) Vitamin B12 substances. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference London Pharmacetucial Press: Electronic version 2009."}],"container-title":["Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/dtb.2009.01.0002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T09:53:36Z","timestamp":1756288416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dtb.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/dtb.2009.01.0002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/dtb.2009.01.0002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/dtb.2009.01.0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6543","1755-5248"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0012-6543"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1755-5248"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}}}