{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:50:14Z","timestamp":1781880614949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evid Based Mental Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Psychological distress includes a broader range of experiences, varying from less severe symptoms of depression and anxiety to severe psychiatric disease. Global estimates for depression and anxiety in 2017 were 3.4% and 3.8%, respectively. While for people living with HIV, global estimates were 16% and 33%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to determine the prevalence of psychological distress by gender and associated characteristics in patients living with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted within the Spanish HIV Research Network CoRIS. Participants were interviewed by telephone between 2010 and 2014 about their psychological distress, sociodemographics, drug consumption, self-perceived health and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) adherence. Laboratory tests and medical history details were collected from CoRIS. Logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We interviewed 99 women and 464 men, both living with HIV. A greater proportion of women (51, 51.5%) reported psychological distress than men (179, 38.6%; p&lt;0.01). Non-adherence to cART (OR 4.6 and 2.3, 95%\u2009CI 1.4\u201215.1 and 1.3\u20124.2) and non-use of cART (8.4 and 1.8, 2.2\u201232.4 and 1.1\u20122.8) were related to psychological distress in women and men, respectively. Spending little time in leisure-based physical activity was related to psychological distress in women (3.1, 1.1\u20129.0). Living alone (2.0, 1.3\u20123.0) and being unemployed (2.3, 1.4\u20123.6) were related to psychological distress in men.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As people living with HIV have a high prevalence of psychological distress, their regular screening appointments should include psychological assessment. A gendered approach is needed to detect and manage psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1594747518000},"page":"91-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Psychological distress in women and men living with HIV in Spain: a cross-sectional telephone survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Garriga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP\/PEAC), National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Del Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"P\u00e9rez-El\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Culqui L\u00e9vano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP\/PEAC), National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Sociosanitario Isabel Roig (Geriatric Hospital), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General de Elche & Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez-Sirvent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Infectious Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Canarias, 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