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This review is selective rather than systematic and comprehensive. In addition to the consideration of other influential publications, we relied on a literature search in Web of Science using the following terms (update: 24 December 2020): (psychotherapy AND meta-analy* AND competence*). After summarising current problems, a pathway for solving these problems is presented. First, we have to recategorise psychological interventions according to the mechanisms and subgoals that are addressed. The interventions can be classified according to the foci: (1) skills acquisition (eg, communication, emotion regulation, mentalisation); (2) working with relationship patterns and using the therapeutic relationship to modify them; and (3) clarification of motives and goals. Afterwards, the training of psychotherapists can switch from focusing on one theoretical framework to learning the different competences for modification according to these new categories. The selection of topics to be addressed should follow best evidence-based mechanisms and processes of mental disorders and interventions. Psychology offers knowledge about these mechanisms that can be understood as a basic science for psychological treatments in general. This requires better connection with basic science, new research efforts that focus on treatment subgoals, theory-overarching optimisation of the selection and personalisation of treatments, and new types of training for psychotherapists that are designed to optimise therapists\u2019 competences accordingly, instead of limiting training programmes to one single theoretical framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2020-300219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T17:11:52Z","timestamp":1611076312000},"page":"115-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Moving from tradition-based to competence-based psychotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winfried","family":"Rief","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.v1i4.34304","article-title":"The role of psychotherapy in the German health care system: training requirements for psychological Psychotherapists and child and adolescent Psychotherapists, legal aspects, and health care implementation","volume":"1","author":"Melcop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology in Europe"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.v1i1.34406","article-title":"The heterogeneity of national regulations in clinical psychology and psychological treatment in Europe","volume":"1","author":"Laireiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology in Europe"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.02.002"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011845"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000365","article-title":"Obtaining consensus in psychotherapy: what holds us back?","volume":"74","author":"Goldfried","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.v2i1.2785"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20657","article-title":"Fidelity vs. flexibility in the implementation of psychotherapies: time to move on","volume":"18","author":"Fonagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025082702023568000_24.3.115.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wampold BE , Imel ZE . 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