{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:41:13Z","timestamp":1783942873943,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["egastro"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the absence of gallstones or any other form of mechanical obstruction, hypoperfusion to the gallbladder can lead to inflammation, ischaemia and perforation. This constellation of findings has historically been simply referred to as \u2018acalculous cholecystitis\u2019. However, this term makes no distinction between inflammation due to critical illness and poor perfusion, or what we will refer to as ischaemic cholecystitis, versus other non-obstructive aetiologies. Ischaemic cholecystitis presents diagnostic as well as treatment challenges that are unique to patients in the critical care setting. More importantly, the morbidity and mortality of this proposed subcategory of acute gallbladder inflammation is much higher compared with other forms of acute cholecystitis. In the present manuscript, we introduce the concept of ischaemic cholecystitis and the importance of differentiating this clinical diagnosis from other forms of acalculous cholecystitis. Additionally, we elaborate on the most recent diagnostic modalities and treatment options specific to this vulnerable patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2023-100004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:45:56Z","timestamp":1700873156000},"page":"e100004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Aetiology, diagnosis and management for ischaemic cholecystitis: current perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Gerardo","family":"Favela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison B","family":"Argo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.1","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis","volume":"2014","author":"Halpin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Clin Evid"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.08.034"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(199903\/04)27:3<117::AID-JCU3>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Sonographic findings in cases of missed gallstones","volume":"27","author":"Chintapalli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90274-9","article-title":"Ultrasonic properties of gallstones","volume":"77","author":"Good","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221121553","article-title":"Gas-containing biliary calculi: case series and a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Huerta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481808400662","article-title":"Assessing the veterans affairs surgical quality improvement program risk calculator in cholecystectomy","volume":"84","author":"Imran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800840915"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.8","first-page":"163","article-title":"Small vessel occlusion in acute acalculous cholecystitis","volume":"111","author":"Warren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025081719103268000_1.2.e100004.9","article-title":"Acute acalculous cholecystitis and cardiovascular disease, which came first? 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