{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:17:10Z","timestamp":1794050230702,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AA013527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AA013527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM128242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM128242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30DK123929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30DK123929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["egastro"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients intoxicated at the time of burn experience increased rates of sepsis and death compared with that observed in similarly sized burns alone. We sought to characterise changes in the intestinal microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) following alcohol intoxication and burn injury and to determine whether these changes are associated with intestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>10\u201312-week-old C57BL\/6 male and female mice were subjected to ethanol intoxication and a 12.5% total body surface area scald burn injury. The following day, mice were euthanised and faecal contents from the caecum and small intestine (SI) were harvested for 16S sequencing for microbial analysis and caecum contents underwent high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy to assess SCFAs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The intestinal microbiome of ethanol burn (EB) mice exhibited decreased alpha diversity and distinct beta diversity compared with sham vehicle (SV). EB faeces were marked by increased Proteobacteria and many pathobionts. EB caecum faeces exhibited a significant decrease in butyrate and a downward trend in acetate and total SCFAs. SCFA changes correlated with microbial changes particularly in the SI. Treatment of murine duodenal cell clone-K (MODE-K) cells with faecal slurries led to upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from EB faeces compared with SV faeces which correlated with levels of Enterobacteriaceae. However, supplementation of butyrate reduced faecal slurry-induced MODE-K cells IL-6 release.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Together, these findings suggest that alcohol and burn injury induce bacterial dysbiosis and a decrease in SCFAs, which together can promote intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption, predisposing to postinjury pathology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2024-100145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T04:20:25Z","timestamp":1741926025000},"page":"e100145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bacterial dysbiosis and decrease in SCFA correlate with intestinal inflammation following alcohol intoxication and burn injury"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline J","family":"Herrnreiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Graduate School, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2533-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Grace","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Graduate School, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4869-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Luck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chirag","family":"Ganesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0308-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulius V","family":"Kuprys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashkoor A","family":"Choudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, 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Burns. 2023."},{"key":"2025081719114073000_3.1.e100145.2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system (WISQARS). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2023."},{"key":"2025081719114073000_3.1.e100145.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0145-5","article-title":"Burn injury","volume":"6","author":"Jeschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2025081719114073000_3.1.e100145.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.731","article-title":"Fire fatality and alcohol intake: analysis of key risk factors","volume":"72","author":"Bruck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2025081719114073000_3.1.e100145.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e31818481bc"},{"key":"2025081719114073000_3.1.e100145.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern C , McKinley G , McConnachie A , et al . Long term mortality in burn injury survivors: A matched cohort study. 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