{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:28:58Z","timestamp":1793158138809,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["K23AA029198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AA029198"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["P50AA024337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AA024337"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AA023190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA023190"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AA028435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA028435"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AA030424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA030424"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AA030756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA030756"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AA031497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA031497"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R21AA031172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA031172"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["egastro"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03b2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine) is a conditionally essential amino acid that plays critical roles in bile acid (BA) conjugation, antioxidative defence and metabolic regulation. Previous studies showed that faecal taurine level was reduced in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), suggesting that taurine supplementation may have beneficial effects. This study aimed to determine whether oral taurine supplementation prevents the development of ALD in mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 8-week-old male mice were subjected to a chronic-plus-binge ALD model. Taurine was administered orally via the diet for ten days before and during ethanol exposure. Faecal 16S ribosomal RNA metagenomic analysis, liver RNA sequencing and BA profiling were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-dose taurine supplementation (3\u2009g\/kg body weight\/day) was associated with worsened ethanol-induced liver injury, as indicated by increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, hepatic steatosis, apoptosis and inflammation. At the molecular level, high-dose taurine treatment was associated with reduced\n                      <jats:italic>Cpt1a<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression, altered expression of genes involved in fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and lipogenic gene\n                      <jats:italic>Fasn<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and decreased expression of\n                      <jats:italic>Baat<\/jats:italic>\n                      , accompanied by changes in taurine-conjugated BA profiles. These alterations were accompanied by changes in BA composition and intestinal FXR-associated gene expression. Taurine supplementation was also associated with shifts in gut microbial composition, including enrichment of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria, increased microbial H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      S production, impaired intestinal barrier-related parameters and increased bacterial translocation to the liver, paralleling enhanced hepatic inflammatory responses. In contrast, low-dose taurine supplementation (0.2\u2009g\/kg body weight\/day) was associated with improved liver phenotypes, including reduced steatosis, lower serum ALT and AST levels, decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Fasn<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression and enhanced BA conjugation. Collectively, these results indicate a dose-dependent association between taurine supplementation and ALD-related outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that high-dose taurine supplementation is associated with unfavourable alterations in gut microbiota composition, intestinal barrier integrity, BA metabolism and hepatic taurine-related pathways in ALD, coinciding with exacerbated liver injury. In contrast, low-dose taurine supplementation was associated with improved hepatic outcomes. These results highlight the importance of dose considerations in taurine supplementation and support the concept that taurine may exert divergent effects on ALD depending on the administered dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2025-100321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:05:17Z","timestamp":1772082317000},"page":"e100321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-dose taurine supplementation exacerbates alcohol-associated liver disease by inducing gut microbiota dysbiosis and bile acid dysregulation in mice"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jingdan","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9413-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Pushparaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunbao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Manirujjaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiung-Kuei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laborotary Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1581-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng-Sheng","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vatsalya","family":"Vatsalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig J","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenke","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194236","article-title":"Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview","volume":"15","author":"Santulli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152337","article-title":"Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Duszka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2440249"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-17-S1-S4","article-title":"Taurine and the renal system","volume":"17 Suppl 1","author":"Chesney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-17-S1-S2","article-title":"Physiological roles of taurine in heart and muscle","volume":"17 Suppl 1","author":"Schaffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1545-6"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15126-7_64","article-title":"Taurine accelerates alcohol and fat metabolism of rats with alcoholic Fatty liver disease","volume":"803","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2561-3","article-title":"Taurine prevents ethanol-induced apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial or death receptor pathways in liver cells","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22811"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/CJP.CJP_28_19","article-title":"Effect of taurine on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver and kidney","volume":"62","author":"Goc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Physiol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8023-5_11","article-title":"Preventive or Curative Administration of Taurine Regulates Lipid Metabolism in the Liver of Rats with Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"1155","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1552-2"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaf076","article-title":"The ameliorative effects of metformin and taurine against thioacetamide hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"14","author":"Badawy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Res (Camb)"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2025.111778","article-title":"Long-term supplementation of taurine induces hepatic steatosis and disrupts bile acid homeostasis in male mice","volume":"414","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187317","article-title":"Beneficial effects of high dose taurine treatment in juvenile dystrophic mdx mice are offset by growth restriction","volume":"12","author":"Terrill","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2020.07.004","article-title":"Taurine enhances voluntary alcohol intake and promotes anxiolytic-like behaviors in rats","volume":"88","author":"Pulcinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-227","article-title":"Acute hepatitis in a woman following excessive ingestion of an energy drink: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Vivekanandarajah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22360","article-title":"Energy drinks: another red flag for the liver allograft","volume":"17","author":"Apestegui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32608","article-title":"Probiotic-derived nanoparticles inhibit ALD through intestinal miR194 suppression and subsequent FXR activation","volume":"77","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.032"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30975","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Prevents Liver Fibrosis Through Inhibiting Hepatic Bile Acid Synthesis and Enhancing Bile Acid Excretion in Mice","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167322","article-title":"Upregulation of inflammatory genes and pathways links obesity to severe COVID-19","volume":"1870","author":"Currey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01423-3","article-title":"A trans fatty acid substitute enhanced development of liver proliferative lesions induced in mice by feeding a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki-Kemuriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01735","article-title":"\u03b2-Defensin 1 Is Prominent in the Liver and Induced During Cholestasis by Bilirubin and Bile Acids via Farnesoid X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor","volume":"9","author":"Klag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122321","article-title":"Fenofibrate inhibits MOXD1 and PDZK1IP1 expression and improves lipid deposition and inflammation in mice with alcoholic fatty liver","volume":"336","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11321","article-title":"Significance of taurine transporter (TauT) in homeostasis and its layers of regulation (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Baliou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/105221618x15277685544442"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.036"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1147855","article-title":"Hypercapsule is the cornerstone of Klebsiella pneumoniae in inducing pyogenic liver abscess","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1155751","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development","volume":"10","author":"Montero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102056","article-title":"Screening of Bacteria Inhibiting Clostridium perfringens and Assessment of Their Beneficial Effects In Vitro and In Vivo with Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0004"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v7.28166","article-title":"Estimation of bacterial hydrogen sulfide production in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Basic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2024-100074","article-title":"Bile acids regulation of cellular stress responses in liver physiology and diseases","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"eGastroenterology"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05329-2","article-title":"Reversal of deleterious effect of hypertension on the liver by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"47","author":"Bal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2409248","article-title":"Multi-Omics Identified THDCA as a Key Contributor to Hyperlipidemia and as a Potential Therapeutic Agent","volume":"24","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415931","article-title":"CSAD Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.10.008","article-title":"Modulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production and activity by taurine and taurine-conjugated bile acids","volume":"94","author":"Guizoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2025-100227","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as an ileal FXR agonist in male mice with hepatic deficiency of FXR","volume":"3","author":"Henry","year":"2025","journal-title":"eGastroenterology"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2024-100104","article-title":"Cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ crosstalk in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"eGastroenterology"},{"key":"2026022521050542000_4.1.e100321.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000924"}],"container-title":["eGastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/egastro-2025-100321","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:05:22Z","timestamp":1772082322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/egastroenterology.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/egastro-2025-100321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/egastro-2025-100321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/egastro-2025-100321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2766-0125","2976-7296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2766-0125","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-7296","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}