{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:13:46Z","timestamp":1790208826453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Med J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the predictors and temporal patterns of head injury (HI) presentation in the emergency department among cohorts of homeless and low-income housed men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective review and logistic regression of HIs found in emergency department records for three groups of men, those: (1) who were chronically homeless with drinking problems (CHDP) (n=50), (2) in the general homeless population (GH) (n=60) and (3) in low-income housing (LIH) (n=59).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportion of individuals with non-minimal HIs documented in the previous year were 28%, 3% and 5% with annual rates of 0.47, 0.017 and 0.037 among the CHDP, GH and LIH groups (p&lt;0.0001). In the multivariate model, independent associations with having an HI included: an HI in the previous year (OR 11.8, 95% CI 3.83 to 36.4), drug dependence (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.11 to 12.13) and seizures (OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.13 to 10.90), while mood-disorders were protective. Homelessness had a crude risk increase of HI (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.21 to 8.23) but was not significant in the multivariate model. Among those with HIs, chronic homelessness with drinking problems was associated with a higher rate of HI. With each successive HI, the time interval to another HI was 12\u2005days shorter (p=0.0004). The chronic subdural haematoma incidence in the under-65-year-old CHDP group was 11 per 1000 (95% CI 2.8 to 45).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Having an HI is better predicted by previous head injuries, drug dependence or a seizure disorder than a history of homelessness or alcohol dependence. HIs may become more frequent with time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,28]],"date-time":"2013-04-28T00:19:46Z","timestamp":1367108386000},"page":"571-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High rates of head injury among homeless and low-income housed men: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason T","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100016930","article-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury in a large Canadian health region","volume":"32","author":"Zygun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.2","first-page":"288","article-title":"A population-based study of potential brain injuries requiring emergency care","volume":"165","author":"Pickett","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.3","unstructured":"Angus DE Cloutier E Albert T Ch\u00e9nard D Shariatmadar A . The economic burden of unintentional injury in Canada. 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Measuring the \u201creduction\u201d in a Harm Reduction Program for Homeless Men Experiencing Harms Related to Alcohol Abuse and Problem Behaviours. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto; 2006. http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=z6hpmk_ByfkC (accessed Apr 18 2013)."},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.04.011","article-title":"Serial Inebriate Programs: what to do about homeless alcoholics in the emergency department","volume":"49","author":"Greene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010500231875"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80654-7"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010244000336"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026990597123386"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1473(01)70689-6","article-title":"[Chronic subdural hematoma in patients over 80 years of age]","volume":"12","author":"Gelabert-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurocirugia (Astur)"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.95.6.290"},{"key":"2024052700172243000_31.7.571.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.3209.2000458","article-title":"Chronic and subacute subdural haematoma. 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