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Although acid suppression is often effective, some patients remain symptomatic despite maximal PPI therapy. By delving into the mechanisms of the disease, it is clear that transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations are a key component of its pathophysiology. Research has demonstrated various therapeutic targets for reducing the frequency of such relaxations through GABA and glutamate modulation, for instance. This review highlights such modulations and hopes to explore these mechanisms and therapeutic targets in an area that will no doubt see a change in its pharmacological management in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2012-100261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T20:37:31Z","timestamp":1357245451000},"page":"171-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relevance of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in the pathophysiology and treatment of GORD"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Neel","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon H 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