{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T03:49:47Z","timestamp":1780890587522,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Frontline Gastroenterol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Microscopic colitis (MC) is a common cause of chronic, non-bloody, watery diarrhoea in older patients. The diagnosis depends on characteristic histological findings. Bile acid malabsorption and autoimmune conditions, including coeliac disease, are more frequently found in patients with MC, but colorectal neoplasia and mortality are not increased. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton-pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and smoking tobacco confer an increased risk of developing MC. Although a so-called benign disease, which rarely causes serious complications, it does have an impact on the quality of life. Several treatment options exist, but budesonide is the only treatment proven in randomised-controlled trials to be effective and safe for induction and maintenance of remission. This article provides a practical overview for the gastroenterologist looking after patients with MC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2018-101040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T17:15:20Z","timestamp":1543338920000},"page":"388-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Microscopic colitis: diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tristan","family":"Townsend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Probert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-236"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000030"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.05.014"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.008"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12592","article-title":"Histology of microscopic colitis-review with a practical approach for pathologists","volume":"66","author":"Langner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.066"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.011"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011927302076"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02561.x"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.081"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.6.846"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.023440"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199905000-00005"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000565","article-title":"Optimization of a scoring system to predict microscopic colitis in a cohort of patients with chronic diarrhea","volume":"51","author":"Cotter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328058ed76"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i37.4157","article-title":"Distinct colonoscopy findings of microscopic colitis: not so microscopic after all?","volume":"17","author":"Koulaouzidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.06.001"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.18","first-page":"137","article-title":"Microscopic colitis: prevalence and distribution throughout the colon in patients with chronic diarrhoea","volume":"63","author":"Thijs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20977"},{"key":"2025090708132709000_10.4.388.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miehlke S , Aust D , Mihaly E , et al . 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