{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:34:44Z","timestamp":1770885284817,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Number 5 T32 DK 067872-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Number 5 T32 DK 067872-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Frontline Gastroenterol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) can result in end-stage liver disease that requires inpatient treatment of the hepatic complications. Given this phenomenon, it is important to analyse the impact of gender and race on the outcomes of patients who are admitted with AIH using a national hospital registry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2012\u20132017 National Inpatient Sample database was used to select patients with AIH, who were stratified using gender and race (Hispanics and blacks as cases and whites as reference). Propensity score matching was employed to match the controls with cases and compare mortality, length of stay and hepatic complications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After matching, there were 4609 females and 4609 males, as well as 3688 blacks and 3173 Hispanics with equal numbers of whites, respectively. In multivariate analysis, females were less likely to develop complications, with lower rates of cirrhosis, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, encephalopathy and acute liver failure (ALF); they also exhibited lower length of stay (adjusted OR, aOR 0.96 95% CI 0.94 to 0.97). When comparing races, blacks (compared with whites) had higher rates of ALF and hepatorenal syndrome related to ALF, but had lower rates of cirrhosis-related encephalopathy; in multivariate analysis, blacks had longer length of stay (aOR 1.071, 95% CI 1.050 to 1.092). Hispanics also exhibited higher rates of hepatic complications, including ascites, varices, variceal bleeding, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Males and minorities are at a greater risk of developing hepatic complications and having increased hospital costs when admitted with AIH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2022-102113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1660915692000},"page":"111-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical implications of gender and race in patients admitted with autoimmune hepatitis: updated analysis of US hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Uihwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory Hongyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicin, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elyse Ann","family":"Addonizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie Helen","family":"Urrunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090708574265000_14.2.111.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01928.x"},{"key":"2025090708574265000_14.2.111.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-002-0631-z"},{"key":"2025090708574265000_14.2.111.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.24227"},{"key":"2025090708574265000_14.2.111.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802130183"},{"key":"2025090708574265000_14.2.111.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80422-5","article-title":"Complications of cirrhosis. 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