{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:28:13Z","timestamp":1790774893152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fam Med Com Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare evaluations of depressive episodes and suggested treatment protocols generated by Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT)-3 and ChatGPT-4 with the recommendations of primary care physicians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vignettes were input to the ChatGPT interface. These vignettes focused primarily on hypothetical patients with symptoms of depression during initial consultations. The creators of these vignettes meticulously designed eight distinct versions in which they systematically varied patient attributes (sex, socioeconomic status (blue collar worker or white collar worker) and depression severity (mild or severe)). Each variant was subsequently introduced into ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4. Each vignette was repeated 10 times to ensure consistency and reliability of the ChatGPT responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For mild depression, ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 recommended psychotherapy in 95.0% and 97.5% of cases, respectively. Primary care physicians, however, recommended psychotherapy in only 4.3% of cases. For severe cases, ChatGPT favoured an approach that combined psychotherapy, while primary care physicians recommended a combined approach. The pharmacological recommendations of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 showed a preference for exclusive use of antidepressants (74% and 68%, respectively), in contrast with primary care physicians, who typically recommended a mix of antidepressants and anxiolytics\/hypnotics (67.4%). Unlike primary care physicians, ChatGPT showed no gender or socioeconomic biases in its recommendations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 aligned well with accepted guidelines for managing mild and severe depression, without showing the gender or socioeconomic biases observed among primary care physicians. Despite the suggested potential benefit of using atificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT to enhance clinical decision making, further research is needed to refine AI recommendations for severe cases and to consider potential risks and ethical issues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2023-002391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:35Z","timestamp":1697500835000},"page":"e002391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Identifying depression and its determinants upon initiating treatment: ChatGPT versus primary care physicians"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inbar","family":"Levkovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohar","family":"Elyoseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101617000508000_11.4.e002391.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","article-title":"So what if Chatgpt wrote it?\u201d Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of Generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy","volume":"71","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"2023101617000508000_11.4.e002391.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12928","article-title":"Chatgpt and consumers: benefits, pitfalls and future research agenda","volume":"47","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Consumer Studies"},{"key":"2023101617000508000_11.4.e002391.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-023-10039-y","article-title":"Examining science education in Chatgpt: an exploratory study of Generative artificial intelligence","volume":"32","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sci Educ Technol"},{"key":"2023101617000508000_11.4.e002391.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashefi A , Mukerji T . 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