{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:31:00Z","timestamp":1740173460066,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Program Project","award":["2023ZF034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZF034"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010248","name":"Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF21G030003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21G030003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010248","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fam Med Com Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) in assessing an intervention for pre-frail senior citizens. Additionally, the study aimed to explain how the GAS goals were established based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories, including body function, activity and participation and environmental factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 220 pre-frail older adults were randomly selected to participate in a controlled trial. The intervention group engaged in multicomponent exercise three times a week, once at a community health service location and twice at home. The control group received advice on physical activity but did not have supervised exercise. Participants in both groups selected individualised GAS goals from 23 goals developed based on ICF by focus group discussion. The study used generalised estimating equations to analyse the differences between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 144 participants, 72 in the exercise group and 72 in the control group. The top three individualised goals for all participants were vestibular functions (53.5%), pain management (43.1%) and lifting and carrying objects (31.9%). Both groups saw a significant increase in GAS scores at week 8 and week 24 of the intervention (p&lt;0.05), but the exercise group showed a more significant improvement (p&lt;0.05). The participants living alone were associated with lower postintervention improvements in the GAS scores. In contrast, the participants who were using a smartphone were likely to get higher postintervention improvements in the GAS scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>GAS can be a valuable tool for setting and evaluating individualised and meaningful goals in body functions, activity and participation and environmental factors. The multicomponent exercise interventions can help pre-frail older adults achieve their expected goals as measured by the GAS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2023-002410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T18:36:43Z","timestamp":1706121403000},"page":"e002410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) in evaluating a multicomponent exercise programme for community-dwelling pre-frail older adults"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9308-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiantao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104586","article-title":"Early identification of frailty: developing an international Delphi consensus on pre-frailty","volume":"99","author":"Sezgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa219","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies","volume":"50","author":"O\u2019Caoimh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2019.08.004","article-title":"Pre-frailty as a multi-dimensional construct: a systematic review of definitions in the scientific literature","volume":"41","author":"Sezgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2020.10.014","article-title":"Effectiveness of the PROMUFRA program in pre-frail, community-dwelling older people: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Barrachina-Igual","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.7","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.03.003","article-title":"Effects of resistance and multicomponent exercise on lipid profiles of older women","volume":"63","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9586-z","article-title":"Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians","volume":"36","author":"Cadore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.11.022","article-title":"Effect of a short multicomponent exercise intervention focused on muscle power in frail and pre frail elderly: a pilot trial","volume":"115","author":"Losa-Reyna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadjapong U , Yodkeeree S , Sungkarat S , et al . Multicomponent exercise program reduces frailty and inflammatory biomarkers and improves physical performance in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:3760. doi:10.3390\/ijerph17113760","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.11","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113760"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02105.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.13","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0636"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-008-9337-2"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.15","first-page":"400","article-title":"Goal setting and strategies to enhance goal pursuit in adult rehabilitation: summary of a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Levack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.16","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01530764"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.17","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/28.3.275"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2018.11.005","article-title":"A combined physical activity and fall prevention intervention improved mobility-related goal attainment but not physical activity in older adults: a randomised trial","volume":"65","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2021.1915405","article-title":"Improvement of planning abilities in adults with prader-willi syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Estival","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0000000000000153","article-title":"An expanded delivery model for outpatient burn rehabilitation","volume":"36","author":"Wiechman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadilhac DA , Andrew NE , Busingye D , et al . Pilot randomised clinical trial of an eHealth, self-management support intervention (iVERVE) for stroke: feasibility assessment in survivors 12-24 months post-event. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020;6:172. doi:10.1186\/s40814-020-00706-x","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-020-00706-x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.22","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/38.6.735"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464820918134","article-title":"Older adults' experiences of goals in health: a systematic review and metasynthesis","volume":"40","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.24","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15541"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mat\u00e9rne M , Frank A , Arvidsson P . The utility of goal attainment scaling in evaluating a structured water dance intervention for adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Heliyon 2021;7:e07902. doi:10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07902","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07902"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.26","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dun Y , Hu P , Ripley-Gonzalez JW , et al . Effectiveness of a multicomponent exercise program to reverse pre-frailty in community-dwelling Chinese older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2022;51:afac026. doi:10.1093\/ageing\/afac026","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.27","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac026"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8854927","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8854927","article-title":"Evaluating traditional Chinese medicine interventions on chronic low back pain using goal attainment scaling","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanenburg J , Wild K , Straumann D , et al . Exergaming in a moving virtual world to train vestibular functions and gait; a proof-of-concept-study with older adults. Front Physiol 2018;9:988. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2018.00988","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.29","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00988"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson LA , Badache M , Brusamolin JAR , et al . Investigating relationships between balance confidence and balance ability in older adults. J Aging Res 2021;2021:3214366. doi:10.1155\/2021\/3214366","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.30","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3214366"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00382-3","article-title":"Association between frailty and chronic pain among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.33","first-page":"407","article-title":"Effects of traditional Chinese exercises on frailty, quality of life, and physical function on frail and pre-frail older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang M , Liu K , Liang C , et al . The relationship between living alone or not and depressive symptoms in older adults: a parallel mediation effect of sleep quality and anxiety. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:506. doi:10.1186\/s12877-023-04161-0","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04161-0"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e737","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdad118","article-title":"Effects of safety and care services on psychological outcomes and housing satisfaction in Korean middle-aged and older adults living alone","volume":"45","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001014"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101677","article-title":"Living alone and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny036","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between purposes of internet use and well-being among older adults","volume":"59","author":"Szabo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson SA , Byrne P , Rodgers SE , et al . A systematic review of smartphone and tablet use by older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Innov Aging 2022;6:igac002. doi:10.1093\/geroni\/igac002","key":"2024012410351794000_12.1.e002410.39","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igac002"}],"container-title":["Family Medicine and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fmch-2023-002410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T18:36:59Z","timestamp":1706121419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fmch.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fmch-2023-002410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fmch-2023-002410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fmch-2023-002410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6983","2009-8774"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2305-6983"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2009-8774"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}}}