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This study comprehensively investigated the impact of consuming UPFs on the risk of major chronic diseases in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search identified prospective cohort studies up to April 2026 on consumption of UPFs and major chronic outcomes. Consumption of UPFs was assessed by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), 24-hour recalls, or dietary history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults (\u226518 years) without restriction to specific clinical conditions at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-one prospective cohort studies involving 8\u2009819\u2009894 participants were included. Consumption of UPFs was associated with cardiovascular events (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.24, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.14 to 1.36), cancer (HR 1.12, 95%\u2009CI 1.04 to 1.21), obesity\/overweight (HR 1.23, 95%\u2009CI 1.17 to 1.30), metabolic syndrome (MetS)\/diabetes (HR 1.24, 95%\u2009CI 1.08 to 1.42), depression\/anxiety (HR 1.27, 95%\u2009CI 1.15 to 1.40), digestive diseases (HR 1.31, 95%\u2009CI 1.16 to 1.48)\u2009and all-cause mortality (HR 1.18, 95%\u2009CI 1.10 to 1.26). Dose-response analyses showed each additional 100\u2009g\/day associated with higher risks of cardiovascular events (HR 1.14, 95%\u2009CI 1.06 to 1.22), cancer (HR 1.04, 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 1.06), all-cause mortality (HR 1.03, 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 1.05), and MetS\/diabetes (HR 1.02, 95%\u2009CI 1.01 to 1.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consuming UPFs was associated with higher risks of multiple chronic diseases and all-cause mortality with low or moderate evidence. Reducing dietary intake of UPFs may therefore be relevant for chronic disease prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42023421092.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2026-003925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:30:53Z","timestamp":1790523053000},"page":"e003925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of multiple chronic diseases among 8,819,894 adults from 51 prospective cohorts: a dose-response meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengwei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Behavioural & Implementation Science Interventions, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2449-7663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunting","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanqin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yewei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Health Services Research & Population Health, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zexuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing of school, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Queen Marry Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 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