{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:43:24Z","timestamp":1790981004431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Whether breast milk influences later neurodevelopment has been explored in non-randomised studies, potentially confounded by social and demographic differences between feed groups. Here in a strictly randomised prospective multicentre trial, Bayley psychomotor and mental development indices (PDI and MDI) were assessed at 18 months postterm in survivors of 502 preterm infants assigned to receive, during their early weeks, mature donor breast milk or a preterm formula. These diets were compared as sole enteral feeds or as supplements to the mother's expressed breast milk. No differences in outcome at 18 months were seen between the two diet groups despite the low nutrient content of donor milk in relation to the preterm formula and to the estimated needs of preterm infants. These results contrast with those reported from our parallel two centre study that compared infants randomly assigned a standard term formula or the preterm formula during their early weeks; those fed standard formula, now regarded as nutritionally insufficient for preterm infants, were substantially disadvantaged in PDI and MDI at 18 months post-term. It is shown here that infants from that study fed solely on standard formula had significantly lower developmental scores at 18 months than those fed on donor breast milk in the present study; yet the standard formula had a higher nutrient content than the donor milk. Thus, donor milk feeding was associated with advantages for later development that may have offset any potentially deleterious effects of its low nutrient content for preterm infants. As these outcome advantages were not confounded by the social and educational biases usually associated with mothers' choice to breast feed, our data add significant support to the view that breast milk promotes neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.70.2.f141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]],"date-time":"2008-10-31T17:55:51Z","timestamp":1225475751000},"page":"F141-F146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":251,"title":["A randomised multicentre study of human milk versus formula and later development in preterm infants."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T J","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93026-L","article-title":"Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months","volume":"335","author":"Lucas, A.; Morley, R.; Cole, T.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al. Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months. Lancet 1990; 335: 1477-81.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.8.722","article-title":"A multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: effects of diet on early growth","volume":"59","author":"Lucas, A.; Gore, S.M.; Cole, T.J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lucas A, Gore SM, Cole TJ, et al. A multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: effects of diet on early growth. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 722-30.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.11.1570","article-title":"Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status in infancy","volume":"64","author":"Lucas, A.; Morley, R.; Cole, T.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al. Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 1570-8.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(78)90062-2","article-title":"The biology of drip breast milk","volume":"2","author":"Lucas, A.; Gibbs, J.H.; Baum, J.D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lucas A, Gibbs JH, Baum JD. The biology of drip breast milk. Early Hum Dev 1978; 2\/4: 351-61.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"369","article-title":"Human milk banking with drip breast milk","volume-title":"Intensive care of the newborn II","author":"Lucas, A.; Gibbs, J.D.; Baum, J.D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lucas A, Gibbs JD, Baum JD. Human milk banking with drip breast milk. In: Stern L, ed. Intensive care of the newborn II. New York: Masson, 1978: 369-79."},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Bayley scales ofinfant development","author":"Bayley, N.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bayley N. Bayley scales ofinfant development. New York: The Psychological Corporation, 1969."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"317","article-title":"Feeding the preterm infant","volume-title":"Clinical nutnition of the young child. Vevey\/New","author":"Lucas, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lucas A. Feeding the preterm infant. In: Ballabriga A, Brunser 0, Dobbing J, et al, eds. Clinical nutnition of the young child. Vevey\/New York: Nestec Ltd\/Raven Press, 1991: 317-36."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"287","article-title":"The biochemistry of fetal brain development and myelinisation","volume-title":"The biochemical development of the fetus and neonate","author":"Carey, E.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Carey EM. The biochemistry of fetal brain development and myelinisation. In: Jones CT, ed. The biochemical development of the fetus and neonate. New York: Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1982: 287-336."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"131","article-title":"Milk growth factors","volume-title":"neonatal growth","author":"and, Cockburn FFetal","year":"1988","unstructured":"Read LC. Milk growth factors. In: Cockburn F, ed. Fetal and neonatal growth. Chichester: Wiley, 1988: 131-52."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.11.1382","article-title":"Mother's choice to provide breast milk and developmental outcome","volume":"63","author":"Morley, R.; Cole, T.J.; Lucas, P.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Morley R, Cole TJ, Lucas PJ, et al. Mother's choice to provide breast milk and developmental outcome. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1382-5.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91329-7","article-title":"Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm","volume":"339","author":"Lucas, A.; Morley, R.M.; Cole, T.J.; Lister, G.; Leeson-Payne, C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lucas A, Morley RM, Cole TJ, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992; 339: 261-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"615","article-title":"Later development of breast fed and artificially fed infants.3AMA","volume":"92","author":"Hoefer, C.; Hardy, M.C.","year":"1929","unstructured":"Hoefer C, Hardy MC. Later development of breast fed and artificially fed infants.3AMA 1929; 92: 615-9."},{"issue":"85","key":"ref_13","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Feeding in infancy and subsequent psychological difficulties","volume":"1939","author":"Rogerson, B.F.C.; Rogerson, C.H.","unstructured":"Rogerson BFC, Rogerson CH. Feeding in infancy and subsequent psychological difficulties. Jrournal of Mental Science 1939; 85: 1163-82.","journal-title":"Jrournal of Mental Science"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"28","article-title":"The effects of infant feeding on speech quality","volume":"76","author":"Broad, B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Broad B. The effects of infant feeding on speech quality. NZ MedJ7 1972; 76: 28-31."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"235","article-title":"Breast versus bottle feeding","volume":"7","author":"Taylor, B.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Taylor B. Breast versus bottle feeding. NZ Med _7 1977; 85: 235-8.","journal-title":"NZ Med"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1978.tb15242.x","article-title":"Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study","volume":"20","author":"Rodgers, B.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rodgers B. Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1978; 20: 421-6.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"45","article-title":"Pathophysiologic changes in intrauterine malnutrition","volume-title":"Nutrition andfetal development. Vol 2","author":"Minowski, A.; Roux, J.M.; Tordet-Caridroit, C.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Minowski A, Roux JM, Tordet-Caridroit C. Pathophysiologic changes in intrauterine malnutrition. In: Winick M, ed. Nutrition andfetal development. Vol 2. New York: Wiley, 1974: 45-55."}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.70.2.F141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T21:35:31Z","timestamp":1757108131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.70.2.F141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.70.2.F141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.70.2.f141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]}}}