{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:00:21Z","timestamp":1790010021988,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To determine the prevalence of cerebral palsy in a specific population. METHODS: Multiple sources of ascertainment were used to create and maintain a register of all cases of cerebral palsy born to mothers resident in the counties of Merseyside and Cheshire in the years 1966 to 1989. Denominator data of infant births and deaths from 1966 to 1981 were obtained from statutory notifications made to health authorities and, for the period 1982-89, from statutory birth and death registrations. Over 1500 cases formed the database for the study. RESULTS: The prevalence of cerebral palsy has increased among all the low birthweight groups with, most recently, an increase in infants weighing &lt; 1000 g at birth. Low birthweight infants now comprise about 50% of all cases of cerebral palsy; in the early years of the study they comprised about 32% of all cases. The proportion of cerebral palsy by clinical type has changed among low birthweight babies, with relatively fewer cases with diplegia and a concomitant increase in the proportion with hemiplegia. An increase in the severity of functional disability, determined by the proportion of children with severe learning, manual, and ambulatory disabilities, was also found. CONCLUSIONS: The change in the epidemiology of cerebral palsy has implications for the aetiology of the condition, and for health, educational, and social service provision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.75.3.f169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]],"date-time":"2008-10-31T17:55:51Z","timestamp":1225475751000},"page":"F169-F173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["The changing epidemiology of cerebral palsy."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"P O","family":"Pharoah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.10.1035","article-title":"Effects of birthweight, gestational age, and maternal obstetric history on birth prevalence of cerebral palsy","volume":"62","author":"Pharoah, P.O.D.; Cooke, T.; Rosenbloom, L.; Cooke, R.W.I.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pharoah POD, Cooke T, Rosenbloom L, Cooke RWI. Effects of birthweight, gestational age, and maternal obstetric history on birth prevalence of cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 1035-40.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.6.602","article-title":"Birthweight specific trends in cerebral palsy","volume":"65","author":"Pharoah, P.O.D.; Cooke, T.; Cooke, R.W.I.; Rosenbloom, L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pharoah POD, Cooke T, Cooke RWI, Rosenbloom L. Birthweight specific trends in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65:602-6.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"14","article-title":"Stillbirths and neonatal mortality in England and Wales bybirthweight, 1953-71","volume":"6","author":"Alberman, E.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Alberman E. Stillbirths and neonatal mortality in England and Wales bybirthweight, 1953-71. Health Trends 1974; 6: 14-17.","journal-title":"Health Trends"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.2.86","article-title":"Mortality of low birthweight infants in England and Wales 1953 to 1979","volume":"56","author":"Pharoah, P.O.D.; Alberman, E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pharoah POD, Alberman E. Mortality of low birthweight infants in England and Wales 1953 to 1979. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 86-9.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.11.1304","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and survival of very low birthweight infants, England and Wales: 1983-87","volume":"66","author":"Alberman, E.; Botting, B.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alberman E, Botting B. Trends in prevalence and survival of very low birthweight infants, England and Wales: 1983-87. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 1304-8.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3564","article-title":"Postponing or preventing deaths? Trends in infant survival, Georgia, 1974 through 1981.3'AMA 1985; 253","author":"Beuhler, J.W.; Hogue, C.J.R.; Zaro, S.","unstructured":"Beuhler JW, Hogue CJR, Zaro S. Postponing or preventing deaths? Trends in infant survival, Georgia, 1974 through 1981.3'AMA 1985; 253: 3564-7."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198207153070303","article-title":"Newborn intensive care and neonatal mortality in low birthweight infants - a population study","volume":"307","author":"Paneth, N.; Kiely, J.L.; Wallenstein, S.; Marcus, M.; Pakter, J.; Susser, M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Paneth N, Kiely JL, Wallenstein S, Marcus M, Pakter J, Susser M. Newborn intensive care and neonatal mortality in low birthweight infants - a population study. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 149-55.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"433","article-title":"The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden","volume":"73","author":"Hagberg, B.; Hagberg, G.; Olow, I.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Olow I. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. IV. Epidemiological trends 1959-78. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1984; 73:433-40.","journal-title":"IV. Epidemiological trends 1959-78. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11071.x","article-title":"The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. V. The birth year period 1979-82","volume":"78","author":"Hagberg, B.; Hagberg, G.; Olow, I.; von Wendt, L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Olow I,von Wendt L, The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. V. The birth year period 1979-82. Acta Paediatrica Scandinvica 1989; 78: 283-90.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica Scandinvica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12704.x","article-title":"The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. VI. Prevalence and origin during the birth year period 1979-86","volume":"82","author":"Hagberg, B.; Hagberg, G.; Olow, I.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Olow I. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden.VI. Prevalence and origin during the birth year period 1979-86. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1993; 82:387-93.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6843.1658","article-title":"Trends in perinatal mortality and cerbral palsy in Westem Australia, 1967 to","volume":"304","author":"Stanley, H.; Watson, L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stanley H, Watson L. Trends in perinatal mortality and cerbral palsy in Westem Australia, 1967 to 1985. BMJ 1992; 304: 1658-62.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"25","article-title":"Cerebral palsy: changing patterns of birthweight and gestational age","volume":"88","author":"Dowding, V.; Barry, C.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dowding V, Barry C. Cerebral palsy: changing patterns of birthweight and gestational age (1976\/81). Irish Med J 1988; 88: 25-9.","journal-title":"Irish Med J"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2307\/3001775","article-title":"Tests for linear trends in proportions and frequencies","volume":"11","author":"Armitage, P.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Armitage P. Tests for linear trends in proportions and frequencies. Biometrics 1955; 11: 375-86.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.12.1511","volume":"63","author":"Pharoah, P.O.D.; Alberman, E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pharoah POD, Alberman E. Annual statistical review. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1511-15.","journal-title":"Annual statistical review. Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00405.x","article-title":"When can cerebral palsy be prevented? The generation of causal hypotheses by multivariate analysis of a case control study","volume":"7","author":"Blair, E.; Stanley, F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blair E, Stanley F. When can cerebral palsy be prevented? The generation of causal hypotheses by multivariate analysis of a case control study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1993; 7: 272-301.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.70.3.F195","article-title":"Cerebral palsy and neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Gasffney, G.; Flavell, V.; Johnson, A.; Squier, M.; Sellers, S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gasffney G, Flavell V, Johnson A, Squier M, Sellers S. Cerebral palsy and neonatal encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: F195-F200.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Origins of cerebral palsy","volume":"143","author":"Naeye, R.I.; Peters, E.C.; Bartholomew, M.; Landis, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Naeye RI, Peters EC, Bartholomew M, Landis R. Origins of cerebral palsy. AmJ'Dis Child 1989; 143: 1154-61.","journal-title":"AmJ'Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"67","article-title":"The origins of cerebral palsy","volume-title":"advances in paediatrics. No 11","author":"Hagberg, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hagberg G. The origins of cerebral palsy. In: David TJ, ed. Recent advances in paediatrics. No 11. Edinburgh: Churchilll Livingstone, 1990: 67-83."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11992.x","article-title":"Bilateral spasic cerebral palsy - a collaborative study between South-West Germany and Western Sweden. m","volume":"37","author":"Krageloh-Mann, I.; Hagberg, G.; Meisner, C.; Haas, G.; Eeg-Olofsson, K.E.; Selbmann, H.K.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krageloh-Mann I, Hagberg G, Meisner C, Haas G, Eeg-Olofsson KE, Selbmann HK, et al. Bilateral spasic cerebral palsy - a collaborative study between South-West Germany and Western Sweden. m. Aetiology. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 191-203.","journal-title":"Aetiology. Dev Med Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.75.3.F169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T18:12:06Z","timestamp":1757095926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.75.3.F169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.75.3.F169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.75.3.f169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]}}}