{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:41:50Z","timestamp":1779208910490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare the visual function of a cohort of very low birthweight (VLBW) children in early adolescence with that of their normal birthweight peers; to correlate visual impairment in this group with available perinatal data; and to examine the relation between the visual ability of VLBW children and their cognitive and motor skills.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As part of a long term neurodevelopmental study, 137 VLBW children and 163 normal birthweight controls were visually assessed between the ages of 11 and 13 years. Their eyes were examined for strabismus and movement disorders, and the use of visual correction for refractive errors was noted. Measures were made of visual acuity, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity. All children had standardised tests of motor ability and cognitive skills. Perinatal data, including cranial ultrasonography results, had been obtained from the children\u2019s notes. No data were available however, regarding retinopathy of prematurity as screening was not established when these infants were born.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>On all measures, the visual function of the VLBW children was poorer than that of the controls. Reduced visual function was present in 63.5% of VLBW children compared with 36% of controls. Poor contrast sensitivity and strabismus were predictive of poor motor skills in the VLBW children. Poor contrast sensitivity and poor visual acuity (at 0.3 metres) were<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>predictive of lower IQ. Low birthweight, intraventricular haemorrhage, intrauterine growth retardation and low 1 minute Apgar scores predicted reduced visual function.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>VLBW children have a high incidence of impaired vision. Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity are useful additions to the screening of this high risk group. They identified impaired vision that was not detected by normal screening and were related to impaired neurodevelopmental outcome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.76.2.f82","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T11:48:05Z","timestamp":1239191285000},"page":"F82-F87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Visual impairment in very low birthweight children"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Powls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Botting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard W I","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Marlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.1.1"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08461.x","article-title":"Opthalmic findings in infants of very low birthweight.","volume":"32","author":"Gibson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00423.x","article-title":"Perinatal predictors of ocular morbidity in school children who were low birthweight.","volume":"7","author":"McGinnity","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.9.520"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.2.84"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73695-5","article-title":"A population based study of ocular abnormalities in premature children aged 5 to 10 years.","volume":"111","author":"Gallo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.5.302"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31968-2","article-title":"Development of myopia in infants with birthweights less than 1251 grams.","volume":"99","author":"Quinn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1981.tb06712.x","article-title":"Ophthalmic changes from age of 10 to 18 years: A longitudinal study of sequels to low birth weight. II. Visual acuity.","volume":"59","author":"Fledelius","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.10","first-page":"87","article-title":"Assessment and prediction of visual acuity in 3 to 4 year old children born prior to term.","volume":"3","author":"Sebris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.6.787","article-title":"Ocular sequelae in premature infants.","volume":"92","author":"Page","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.3.170"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030258004"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.14","first-page":"256","article-title":"Visual acuity, strabismus, and amblyopia in premature babies with and without retinopathy of prematurity.","volume":"20","author":"Snir","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.2.91"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11931.x","article-title":"Haemorrhagic -ischaemic lesions ofthe neonatal brain: Correlation between cerebral visual impairment, neurodevelopmental outcome and MRI in infancy.","volume":"37","author":"Eken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.70.6.463"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.18","first-page":"614","article-title":"Changes in visual functions of children exposed as infants to prolonged illumination.","volume":"56","author":"Abramov","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Optometric Assoc"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072291","article-title":"The immature visual system and premature birth.","volume":"44","author":"Fielder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.3_Spec_No.286"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.21","unstructured":"Davies AM. Motor and attention skills in 6 year old extremely low birthweight infants (<1500 g) [Thesis]. University of Liverpool, 1992.."},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.22","unstructured":"(1992) TNO test for stereoscopic vision. (Lameris Ootech. Utrecht), 9th edn.."},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.23","unstructured":"Ginsburg AP (1993) Functional acuity contrast test (FACT). (Stereooptical Co. Inc, Chicago IL)."},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.24","unstructured":"Henderson SE Sugden DA (1992) Movement Assessment Battery for Children. (The London Psychological Corporation, London)."},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.25","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1992) Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Third edn (WISC III). (The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX)."},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.60.5.440"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.27","unstructured":"Smith VH (1963) A survey of strabismus in cerebral palsy. Visual disorders in cerebral palsy. Little Club Clinics in Developmental Medicine. No 9. (Spastics Society\/Heinemann, London), pp 22\u201336."},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.72.1.F62"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199304000-00009","article-title":"New procedures for evaluating vision functions of special populations.","volume":"70","author":"Haegerstrom-Portnoy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"key":"2025090502122230000_76.2.F82.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.4.648","article-title":"Light and retinopathy of prematurity: Does retinal location offer a clue?","volume":"89","author":"Fielder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.76.2.F82","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T09:14:33Z","timestamp":1757063673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.76.2.F82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.76.2.F82"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.76.2.f82","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]}}}