{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T19:12:12Z","timestamp":1761765132120,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine if T or Tk antigen activation is associated with different and more severe manifestations of illness in infants with necrotising enterocolitis (NEC); and if a policy of testing infants with suspected sepsis or NEC for T and Tk antigen activation is effective.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A case\u2013control study of infants with confirmed NEC, born after the introduction of screening, was undertaken:17 activated infants were compared with 28 non-activated controls, matched for gestation and weight. A historical control study compared the outcome of infants before and after the introduction of testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 201 infants with confirmed NEC, 27 were T or Tk antigen activated\u201410 (9%) before and 17 (19%) after the introduction of testing. T or Tk antigen activated infants had a significantly higher mortality (35%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 7%); more frequent (71%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 21%) and severe haemolysis, hyperkalaemia, renal impairment, acidosis; and they received more colloid for resuscitation. While only known activated infants in both time periods were managed with the use of low titre T antibody blood products, there was a significant increase in mortality (odds ratios 2.6; 95% CI 1.2, 5.6) and incidence of surgery (OR 2.7; 1.5, 4.9) after the introduction of testing. The increased mortality (OR 2.6; 0.8, 5.2) and incidence of surgery (OR 1.8; 0.9, 3.7) were no longer significant after adjustment for several perinatal risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a retrospective case\u2013control study, routine testing of at risk infants increased the detection rate of T and Tk antigen activation. The use of low titre T plasma products in these patients did not reduce mortality compared with historical controls. A randomised controlled trial of testing in at risk infants, or of the use of low titre T plasma products in babies with NEC and T activation, is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.80.3.f192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1239190787000},"page":"F192-F197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["T and Tk antigen activation in necrotising enterocolitis: manifestations, severity of illness, and effectiveness of testing"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"D A","family":"Osborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Pussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A K","family":"Jana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A S","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Polyagglutinability of red cells as a cause of severe hemolytic transfusion reaction.","volume":"5","author":"van Loghem","year":"1955","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1984.02140400065016"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(86)90031-X"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.4","first-page":"121","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis and neuraminidase-producing bacteria.","volume":"35","author":"Seges","year":"1980","journal-title":"Helv Paediatr Acta"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(81)80844-5"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00865481"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80748-6"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.7.743"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90370-M"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01956745"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.11","unstructured":"Issitt PD (1985) Polyagglutination. Applied blood group serology. (Montgomery Scientific Publications, Miami), 3rd edn. pp 456\u2013478."},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1947.36"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1981.tb02813.x","article-title":"Origin of anti-Thomsen-Friednreich (T) and Tn agglutinins in man and in White Leghorn chicks.","volume":"47","author":"Springer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.14","first-page":"368","article-title":"T-cryptantigen determination affects mortality in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.","volume":"176","author":"Novak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1972.tb03490.x","article-title":"Tk: a new form of red cell polyagglutination.","volume":"23","author":"Bird","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.16","first-page":"94","article-title":"Tk polyagglutination produced in vitro by an endo--galactosidase.","volume":"38","author":"Doinel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-7963(88)70042-5","article-title":"Red cell polyagglutination.","volume":"2","author":"Levene","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00442.x","article-title":"A fatal case of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonate with polyagglutination of red blood cells.","volume":"29","author":"Marshall","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00430.x"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12206.x","article-title":"Treatment with hypertonic dextrose and insulin in severe hyperkalaemia of immature infants.","volume":"81","author":"Lui","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30341-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis.","volume":"21","author":"Stoll","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2025090512390335000_80.3.F192.22","unstructured":"Crowley P (1998) Corticosteroids prior to preterm delivery (Cochrane Review). 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