{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T18:54:12Z","timestamp":1757616852122,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AIM<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To estimate the accurate incidence and prevalence of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, and to determine the clinical profile of this condition in the Sultanate of Oman.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All children diagnosed as having permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus between 1991 and 1995 in Oman were included in the study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean incidence was 2.2 per 100 000 live births\/year and the prevalence among under 5s during 1995 was 2.0\/100\u2009000. Intrauterine growth retardation was noted in all (mean birthweight 1.86 kg), and diabetic ketoacidosis (mean plasma glucose 34.4 (SD 8.7) mmol\/l, mean pH 7.17 (SD 0.09) in 80%. Hypertriglyceridaemia (mean serum triglyceride 19.06 (6.13) mmol\/) was constant. No infant had clinical or immunological evidence of congenital viral infections. None had C-peptide excretion or circulating islet cell antibody during diagnosis or follow up. The other important features were parental consanguinity in all, HLA DR3\/DR4 association in 80%, development of autoimmune hypothyroidism in one and observation of autoimmune disorders (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis) in family members.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings strongly suggest an immune mediated aetiology for diabetes mellitus. The reported incidence of permanent insulin dependent neonatal diabetes mellitus in Oman is the highest in the world.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.80.3.f209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1239190787000},"page":"F209-F212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: clinical presentation and epidemiology in Oman"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Bhasker","family":"Bappal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palany","family":"Raghupathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasantha","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh Mohamed","family":"Al Khusaiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509143331105"},{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.2","first-page":"407","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in infancy.","volume":"32","author":"Holland","year":"1936","journal-title":"W Virginia Med J"},{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1949.tb17875.x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in early infancy, treated without dietary restrictions.","volume":"38","author":"Guest","year":"1949","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.28.140.297"},{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(58)80176-6"},{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F39","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.76.1.F39","article-title":"Aetiopathology and genetic basis of neonatal diabetes.","volume":"76","author":"Shield","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2025090513295563000_80.3.F209.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus (1980) Second Report. 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