{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:00:15Z","timestamp":1791118815233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Methylxanthines are often administered to preterm infants for the treatment of apnoea.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To study the effects of theophylline on energy metabolism, physical activity, and lung mechanics in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Indirect calorimetry was performed for six hours before and after administration of a bolus of theophylline (5 mg\/kg) in 18 preterm infants while physical activity was recorded with a video camera. Lung mechanics measurements were performed at baseline and 12 and 24 hours after theophylline treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Theophylline increased mean (SEM) energy expenditure by 15 (5) kJ\/kg\/day and augmented carbohydrate utilisation from 6.8 to 8.0 g\/kg\/day, but fat oxidation was unchanged. After theophylline treatment, preterm infants had faster respiration, lower transcutaneous CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and improved static respiratory compliance without increased physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A bolus of 5 mg\/kg theophylline increased energy expenditure independently of physical activity, increased carbohydrate utilisation, and improved respiratory compliance. The increased energy expenditure could be detrimental to the growth of the preterm infant.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.83.1.f39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:40:22Z","timestamp":1027752022000},"page":"F39-F43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Metabolic and respiratory effects of theophylline in the preterm infant"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Virgilio P","family":"Carnielli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Verlato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Benini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Cavedagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Filippone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Zacchello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Pediatria, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)33965-7","article-title":"Pharmacologic considerations in the therapy of neonatal apnea.","volume":"28","author":"Aranda","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80372-2"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.5.759","article-title":"Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers.","volume":"51","author":"Astrup","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90452-7"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.5","unstructured":"Aranda JV Sasyniuk BI (1986) Respiratory stimulants in the newborn. in Neonatal therapy: an update. eds Rubaltelli FF Granati B (Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam), pp 87\u2013104."},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.199","article-title":"Oxygen consumption in apneic premature infants after low-dose theophylline.","volume":"28","author":"Milsap","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.63.4.537","article-title":"Effect of aminophylline on respiratory center activity and metabolic rate in infants with idiopathic apnea.","volume":"63","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199212000-00015","article-title":"Energy expenditure, lipolysis, and glucose production in preterm infants treated with theophylline.","volume":"32","author":"Fjeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.9","first-page":"R1274","article-title":"Metabolic effects of aminophylline in rats.","volume":"256","author":"Vonlanthen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80084-5"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11854.x","article-title":"The effect of aminophylline on the excursion of the diaphragm in preterm neonates.","volume":"80","author":"Heyman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.62.5.801","article-title":"Aminophylline therapy for idiopathic apnea in premature infants: effects on lung function.","volume":"62","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.13","first-page":"E62","article-title":"Nutritional influences on lipogenesis and thermogenesis after a carbohydrate meal.","volume":"246","author":"Acheson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.2.298","article-title":"Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn: impact of the quality of infused energy on nitrogen metabolism.","volume":"47","author":"Pineault","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198607000-00012","article-title":"Energy balance physical activity and thermogenic effect of feeding in premature infants.","volume":"20","author":"Freymond","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.16","first-page":"552","article-title":"Passive respiratory mechanics in newborn and children.","volume":"129","author":"LeSouef","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199309000-00018","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics in infants and young children before and after repair of left-to-right shunts.","volume":"34","author":"Baraldi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90997-A"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1985.tb01650.x","article-title":"On the mechanism of action of theophylline and caffeine.","volume":"217","author":"Fredholm","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.20","first-page":"E500","article-title":"Effect of short-term fasting on the lipolytic response to theophylline.","volume":"261","author":"Peters","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80431-4"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt197926189","article-title":"Metabolic responses to plasma concentrations of theophylline.","volume":"26","author":"Cathcart-Rake","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)33107-1","article-title":"Effects of theophylline on behavioural state development in the newborn rabbit.","volume":"221","author":"Denenberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1978244474","article-title":"Alterations in state in apneic pre-term infants receiving theophylline.","volume":"24","author":"Dietrich","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052537","article-title":"Theophylline affects sleep wake development in premature infants.","volume":"16","author":"Thoman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199211000-00003","article-title":"Sleep organization and energy expenditure of breast-fed and formula-fed infants.","volume":"32","author":"Butte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012314","article-title":"Oxygen consumption and neonatal sleep states.","volume":"287","author":"Stothers","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959223"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.29","first-page":"308A","article-title":"Theophylline improves coordination of laryngeal abduction and inspiratory effort in premature infants [abstract].","volume":"25","author":"Eichenwald","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000192671","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary effects of caffeine in the anesthetized dog.","volume":"27","author":"Oskoui","year":"1970","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.2.353","article-title":"Influence of chest wall distortion on esophageal pressure.","volume":"55","author":"LeSouef","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80618-3"},{"key":"2025090510080379000_83.1.F39.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950150508"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.83.1.F39","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:09:46Z","timestamp":1757092186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.83.1.F39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.83.1.F39"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.83.1.f39","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]}}}