{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:16:59Z","timestamp":1791357419265,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the differences in short term outcome of very low birthweight infants attributable to sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Boys and girls weighing 501\u20131500 g admitted to the 12 centres of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network were compared. Maternal information and perinatal data were collected from hospital records. Infant outcome was recorded at discharge, at 120 days of age if the infant was still in hospital, or at death. Best obstetric estimate based on the last menstrual period, standard obstetric factors, and ultrasound were used to assign gestational age in completed weeks. Data were collected on a cohort that included 3356 boys and 3382 girls, representing all inborn births from 1 May 1991 to 31 December 1993.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality for boys was 22% and that for girls 15%. The prenatal and perinatal data indicate few differences between the sex groups, except that boys were less likely to have been exposed to antenatal steroids (odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.80) and were less stable after birth, as reflected in a higher percentage with lower Apgar scores at one and five minutes and the need for physical and pharmacological assistance. In particular, boys were more likely to have been intubated (OR\u2009=\u20091.16) and to have received resuscitation medication (OR\u2009=\u20091.40). Boys had a higher risk (OR\u2009&gt;\u20091.00) for most adverse neonatal outcomes. Although pulmonary morbidity predominated, intracranial haemorrhage and urinary tract infection were also more common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative differences in short term morbidity and mortality persist between the sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.83.3.f182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:40:22Z","timestamp":1027752022000},"page":"F182-F185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":386,"title":["Sex differences in outcomes of very low birthweight infants: the newborn male disadvantage"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"D K","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Verter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A A","family":"Fanaroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R A","family":"Ehrenkranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Shankaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E F","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L L","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Lemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S B","family":"Korones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C R","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B J","family":"Stoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L-A","family":"Papile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aStanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, \n\nbThe Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, \n\ncCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, \n\ndWomen and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, \n\neYale University, New Haven, CT, USA, \n\nfWayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, \n\ngUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, \n\nhNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA, \n\niIndiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA, \n\njUniversity of Te"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.48.6.902","article-title":"Neonatal mortality, the male disadvantage.","volume":"48","author":"Naeye","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.61.6.559"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.1.27","article-title":"Birth weight less than 800 grams: changing outcomes and influences of gender and gestation number [see comments].","volume":"86","author":"Hoffman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994677","article-title":"Fused eyelids in the extremely premature infant: multivariate analysis of survival and outcome.","volume":"9","author":"Stefano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540200031027"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405263302102"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.7","first-page":"457","volume":"172","author":"Hack","year":"1995","journal-title":", et al. Very-low-birth-weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Network, November 1989 to October 1990. Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.8","first-page":"1423","volume":"173","author":"Fanaroff","year":"1995","journal-title":", et al. Very-low-birth-weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, May 1991 through December 1992. Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.9","first-page":"1632","volume":"179","author":"Stevenson","year":"1998","journal-title":", et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1993 through December 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.10","unstructured":"Cunningham FG MacDonald PC Gant NF (1997) Sex of the fetus. in Williams Obstetrics. eds Cunningham FG MacDonald PC Gant NF Leveno KJ Gilstrap LCI (Appleton and Lange, Stamford, CT), 20th ed. p 180."},{"key":"2025090515045957000_83.3.F182.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.5.969","article-title":"Birth weight and illness severity: independent predictors of neonatal mortality.","volume":"91","author":"Richardson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.83.3.F182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T22:37:03Z","timestamp":1757111823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.83.3.F182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.83.3.F182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.83.3.f182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]}}}