{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1783763971851,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blood transfusion has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or chronic lung disease (CLD) in preterm infants, but the precise mechanism involved is not understood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AIM<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the level of non-transferrin bound \u201cfree\u201d iron, which has the potential to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species, and its redox status in the plasma of preterm infants immediately before and after blood transfusion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty one preterm infants with a median gestational age and birth weight of 27 weeks and 1021 g respectively were prospectively enrolled in the study. Sixteen of the 21 infants developed ROP and\/or CLD. The infants were transfused with concentrated red blood cells at a median age of 32 days. The plasma concentration of total bleomycin detectable iron (BDI) was measured and also the ferrous iron (Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>) activity by bleomycin-iron complex dependent degradation of DNA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Even before blood transfusion, BDI was detectable in one third of the blood samples, and all but one sample had ferrous iron activity. After transfusion, both BDI and ferrous iron activity were significantly increased, in contrast with the situation in full term infants. Plasma ascorbic acid (AA) concentration was significantly decreased after blood transfusion, whereas the level of its oxidation product, dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), and the DHAA\/AA ratio were significantly increased compared with before the transfusion. The activity of plasma ferroxidase, which converts iron from the ferrous to the ferric state, was appreciably decreased in preterm infants, as expected from their very low plasma caeruloplasmin concentration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasma non-transferrin bound iron was significantly increased in preterm infants after blood transfusion and existed partly in the ferrous form, because of the low ferroxidase activity and the reduction of ferric iron (Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>) by ascorbic acid. This finding was specific to preterm infants and was not observed in full term infants after blood transfusion. Non-transferrin bound \u201cfree\u201d iron may catalyse the generation of reactive oxygen species, which may be responsible for the clinical association of blood transfusion with ROP and CLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:boxed-text position=\"float\">\n                        <jats:sec>\n                           <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n                           <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                              <jats:list-item>\n                                 <jats:p>Plasma non-transferrin bound iron was significantly increased in preterm infants after blood transfusion and existed partly in the ferrous pro-oxidant form<\/jats:p>\n                              <\/jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:list-item>\n                                 <jats:p>The increase in plasma non-transferrin bound iron after blood transfusion was not observed in full term infants<\/jats:p>\n                              <\/jats:list-item>\n                           <\/jats:list>\n                        <\/jats:sec>\n                     <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.84.3.f188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:40:22Z","timestamp":1027752022000},"page":"F188-F193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Blood transfusion increases radical promoting non-transferrin bound iron in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Hirano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Morinobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Hiroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Ogihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Ogihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.68.6.770","article-title":"Retrolental fibroplasia and blood transfusion in very low-birth-weight infants.","volume":"68","author":"Sacks","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05736.x"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.2.159","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: incidence and risk factors.","volume":"72","author":"Shohat","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050551"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.3.F214"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199707000-00002","article-title":"The life span of erythrocytes transfused to preterm infants.","volume":"42","author":"Bard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr 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The effect of transfusion and iron supplements on the serum ferritin levels.","volume":"299 (suppl)","author":"Shaw","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0910633","article-title":"Chromatographic method for the determination of non-transferrin-bound iron suitable for use on the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of preterm babies.","volume":"91","author":"Kime","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.5.883","article-title":"Nonprotein-bound iron in postasphyxial reperfusion injury of the newborn.","volume":"98","author":"Dorrepaal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.2.185"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.25.15656"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769509150327"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408368109105866"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0810413","article-title":"Plasma ascorbate levels and inhibition of the antioxidant activity of caeruloplasmin.","volume":"81","author":"Gutteridge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00275-4"},{"key":"2025090512113522000_84.3.F188.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00327-9"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.84.3.F188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T19:14:18Z","timestamp":1757099658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.84.3.F188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.84.3.F188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.84.3.f188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]}}}