{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T01:18:12Z","timestamp":1766711892421,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has been recognised as an important cause of childhood visual impairment and blindness since the 1940s when improved facilities and treatment increased the survival rate of premature infants. Although its incidence and severity have been decreasing in developed countries over the past two decades, both are increasing in developing nations. ROP is consequently targeted as an important but avoidable disease. This review provides an updated summary and discussion of much of the work that has been produced through population, animal, cell culture, and genetic research. The authors examine the prevalence, risk factors, and possible causes of the disease with a particular focus on genetic studies. They conclude that while significant reductions in the disease have occurred in developed countries, further research is required to fully understand and prevent the disease. In the meantime, development and implementation of appropriate screening and treatment strategies will be critical in reducing blindness in developing countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.2.f78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1033487650000},"page":"F78-F82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Retinopathy of prematurity: recent advances in our understanding"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"C M","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J L","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Sale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.1","unstructured":"Piccioni A, Lanners J, Goergen E. Early rehabilitation in retinopathy of prematurity children (0\u20134 years). Progress in retinopathy of prematurity. Proceedings of the international symposium on retinopathy of prematurity, 1997, Taormina, Italy. Amsterdam\/New York: Kugler Publications, 1997."},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.2","first-page":"653","volume":"97","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80044-7"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.4.807","volume":"91","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.5","first-page":"371","volume":"40","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060070042025"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80239-6"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.8","first-page":"227","volume":"79","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70091-1","volume":"3","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01107-0"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15439.x","volume":"40","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007745"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.2.F145"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(42)92088-9","volume":"25","year":"1942","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1951.tb109040.x","volume":"2","year":"1951","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(52)91140-9","volume":"35","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.38.7.397","volume":"38","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.18","first-page":"69","volume":"42","year":"1972","journal-title":"Sight Sav Rev"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80083-2"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.67.6.924","volume":"67","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.83.4.486","volume":"83","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136487.x","volume":"150","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.3.442","volume":"84","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1994.tb01690.x","volume":"22","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00093.x","volume":"74","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1998.00149.x"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70094-7","volume":"3","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.e26"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.8.933"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00368.x"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.31","first-page":"54","volume":"38","year":"1997","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13067.x","volume":"83","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000027482"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.34","unstructured":"Palmer EA. What have we learned about retinopathy of prematurity during the past ten years? Progress in retinopathy of prematurity. Proceedings of the international symposium on retinopathy of prematurity, 1997, Taormina, Italy. Amsterdam\/New York: Kugler Publications, 1997."},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1990.tb00585.x","volume":"18","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.36","first-page":"183","volume":"4","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1992.32","volume":"6","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450010031002"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.39","first-page":"2128","volume":"33","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.40","first-page":"1201","volume":"36","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.41","first-page":"300","volume":"37","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.2.295"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92475-2"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199412000-00007"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan-Ling T, Stone J. Retinopathy of prematurity: origins in the architecture of the retina. Progress in retinal research. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993:155\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4327(93)90008-H"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.46","first-page":"237","volume":"24","year":"1988","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520080122","volume":"8","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.71.3.423","volume":"71","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1095-1024"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199709021522"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199809017487","volume":"16","year":"1998","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.52","first-page":"281","volume":"151","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140172010"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.1.98"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65004-3","volume":"156","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.56","first-page":"1217","volume":"41","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101113998"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31665-9","volume":"100","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150606005"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19940501-12","volume":"31","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1961.tb07740.x","volume":"39","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1380050403"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/4.3.489"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2000.103874","volume":"4","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(69)91237-9","volume":"68","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.1998.5440409.x"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73977-7","volume":"114","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1093-180"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1380060312"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:5<396::AID-HUMU3>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219900900312","volume":"9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150653015"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380170085"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.74","first-page":"S565","volume":"40","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200511"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.76","unstructured":"Bagdoniene R, Sirtautiene R. Threshold retinopathy of prematurity in Lithuania: tendencies during three years. Progress in retinopathy of prematurity. Proceedings of the international symposium on retinopathy of prematurity; 1997, Taormina, Italy. Amsterdam\/New York: Kugler Publications, 1997."},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00098.x","volume":"74","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150519012"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30379-5","volume":"103","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000014199"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200x.2001.01361.x","volume":"43","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics Int"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/13816819609057871","volume":"17","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318790"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.105","volume":"10","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04345-7"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.82","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.17","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2000.110342","volume":"4","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.2.159","volume":"72","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(88)90068-9"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.5.1036"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.92","unstructured":"Higgins RD, Mittal M, Dhanireddy R. Retinopathy of prematurity at an urban center: association with Candida sepsis. Progress in retinopathy of prematurity. Proceedings of the international symposium on retinopathy of prematurity, 1997; Taormina, Italy. Amsterdam\/New York: Kugler Publications, 1997."},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199805283382202"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999438","volume":"7","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.95","first-page":"194","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.3.387"},{"key":"2025090501584754000_87.2.F78.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-8586(00)70025-4","volume":"9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sem Pediatr Surg"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.87.2.F78","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T09:05:24Z","timestamp":1757063124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/fn.87.2.F78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/fn.87.2.F78"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.87.2.f78","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1359-2998"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-2052"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}}}