{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T23:39:42Z","timestamp":1770507582351,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1960,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Kay augmented histamine test has been used in a special study of 30 patients with pernicious anaemia and 136 other subjects suspected of having achlorhydria. The findings have been correlated with uropepsinogen excretion, serum levels of vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and gastric biopsy. The definition of achlorhydria is specially considered.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.1.4.326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"326-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The Augmented Histamine Test with Special Reference to Achlorhydria"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Sheila T.","family":"Callender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. P.","family":"Retief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"Witts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1960,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Gastric pepsin and the excretion of uropepsinogen in anaemia","volume":"13","author":"Aitken, M.A.; Spray, G.H.; Waiters, G.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Aitken, M. A., Spray, G. H., and Waiters, G. (1954). Gastric pepsin and the excretion of uropepsinogen in anaemia. Clin. Sci., 13, 119-126.","journal-title":"Clin. Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.22.1.79","article-title":"The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and catbepsin with hemoglobin","volume":"22","author":"Anson, M.L.","year":"1938","unstructured":"Anson, M. L. (1938). The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and catbepsin with hemoglobin. J. gen. Physiol., 22, 79-89.","journal-title":"J. gen. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"194","article-title":"Gastric biopsy and radioactive vitamin B,, in the study of the stomach in anaemia","volume":"10","author":"Badenoch, J.; Callender, S.T.; Evans, J.R.; Spray, G.H.; Richards, W.C.D.; Turnbull, A.; Wakisaka, G.; Witts, L.J.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Badenoch, J., Callender, S. T., Evans, J. R., Spray, G. H., Richards, W. C. D., Turnbull, A., Wakisaka, G., and Witts, L. J. (1955). Gastric biopsy and radioactive vitamin B,, in the study of the stomach in anaemia. Rev. Hdmat., 10, 194-197.","journal-title":"Rev. Hdmat"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1957.tb05784.x","article-title":"The stomach in hypochromic anaemia","volume":"3","author":"Badenoch, J.; Callender, S.T.; Evans, J.R.; Spray, G.H.; Richards, W.C.D.; Turnbull, A.; Wakisaka, G.; Witts, L.J.; Evans, J.R.; Richards, W.C.D.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Badenoch, J., Callender, S. T., Evans, J. R., Spray, G. H., Richards, W. C. D., Turnbull, A., Wakisaka, G., and Witts, L. J., Evans, J. R., and Richards, W. C. D. (1957). The stomach in hypochromic anaemia. Brit. J. Haemat., 3, 175-185.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Haemat"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1948.02030020154002","article-title":"Infantile form of pernicious (Addisonian) anemia","volume":"75","author":"Benjamin, B.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Benjamin, B. (1948). Infantile form of pernicious (Addisonian) anemia. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 75, 143-189.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"85","article-title":"The rationale of selective surgery in the treatment of duodenal ulcer","volume":"4","author":"Bruce, J.; Card, W.I.; Marks, I.N.; Sircus, W.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Bruce, J., Card, W. I., Marks, I. N., and Sircus, W. (1959). The rationale of selective surgery in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. J. roy. Coil. Surg. Edinb., 4, 85-104.","journal-title":"J. roy. Coil. Surg. Edinb"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1957.tb05774.x","article-title":"A family study of pernicious anaemia","volume":"3","author":"Callender, S.T.; Denborough, M.A.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Callender, S. T., and Denborough, M. A. (1957). A family study of pernicious anaemia. Brit. J. Haemat., 3, 88-106.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Haemat"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"18","article-title":"Observations on achlorhydria","volume":"130","author":"Card, W.I.; Marks, I.N.; Sircus, W.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Card, W. I., Marks, I. N., and Sircus, W. (1955). Observations on achlorhydria. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 130, 18P.","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"177192","article-title":"Anacidity","volume-title":"Modern Trends in Gastro-enterology (second series","author":"Card, W.I.; Marks, I.N.; Sircus, W.; Sircus, W.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Card, W. I., Marks, I. N., and Sircus, W. and Sircus, W. (1958). Anacidity. In Modern Trends in Gastro-enterology (second series, ed. F. Avery Jones, pp. 177192. Butterworths, London."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"464","article-title":"The gastric mucosa in hypochromic anaemia","volume":"51","author":"Coghill, N.F.; Williams, A.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Coghill, N. F., and Williams, A. Wynn (1958). The gastric mucosa in hypochromic anaemia. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 51, 464.","journal-title":"Wynn"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5081.1213","article-title":"Tubeless gastric analysis","volume":"1","author":"Denborough, M.A.; Retief, F.P.; Witts, L.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Denborough, M. A., Retief, F. P., and Witts, L. J. (1958). Tubeless gastric analysis. Brit. med. J., 1, 1213-1215.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1952.tb83984.x","article-title":"The correlation between test meal findings and the histology of the stomach as shown by gastric biopsy","volume":"1","author":"Funder, J.F.; Weiden, S.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Funder, J. F., and Weiden, S. (1952). The correlation between test meal findings and the histology of the stomach as shown by gastric biopsy. Med. J. Aust., 1, 600-602.","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V12.5.461.461","article-title":"Pernicious anemia without gastric atrophy and in the presence of free hydrochloric acid","volume":"12","author":"Harris-Jones, J.N.; Swan, H.T.; Tudhope, G.R.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Harris-Jones, J. N., Swan, H. 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Rev"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1958.tb06048.x","article-title":"Acid secretion by the stomach in pernicious anaemia","volume":"4","author":"Jacobs, A.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Jacobs, A. (1958). Acid secretion by the stomach in pernicious anaemia. Brit. J. Haemat., 4, 465-469.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Haemat"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref_17","first-page":"269","article-title":"Gastric biopsy: a study of 1,000 consecutive successful gastric biopsies","volume":"48","author":"Joske, R.A.; Finckh, E.S.; Wood, I.J.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Joske, R. A., Finckh, E. S., and Wood, I. J. (1955). Gastric biopsy: a study of 1,000 consecutive successful gastric biopsies. Quart. J. Med., 48, (n.s. 24), 269-294.","journal-title":"Quart. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4827.77","article-title":"Effect of large doses of histamine on gastric secretion of HCI; an augmented histamine test","volume":"2","author":"Kay, A.W.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Kay, A. W. (1953). Effect of large doses of histamine on gastric secretion of HCI; an augmented histamine test. Brit. med. J., 2, 77-80.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"257","article-title":"Anaemia and the alimentary tract; investigation of gastric secretion","volume":"2","author":"Kay, A.W.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Kay, A. W. (1958). Anaemia and the alimentary tract; investigation of gastric secretion, Royal College of Physicians Conference. Lancet, 2, 257.","journal-title":"Royal College of Physicians Conference. Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101164","article-title":"Studies on anacidity: the hydrogen-ion concentration of the gastric secretion, the gastroscopic appearance of the gastric mucosa, and the presence of a gastric secretory depressant in patients with anacidity","volume":"19","author":"Kirsner, J.B.; Nutter, P.B.; Palmer, W.L.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Kirsner, J. B., Nutter, P. B., and Palmer, W. L. (1940). Studies on anacidity: the hydrogen-ion concentration of the gastric secretion, the gastroscopic appearance of the gastric mucosa, and the presence of a gastric secretory depressant in patients with anacidity. J. clin. Invest., 19, 619-625.","journal-title":"J. clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"309","article-title":"Genetic factors in predisposition to pernicious anemia","volume":"104","author":"McIntyre, P.A.; Hahn, R.; Conley, C.L.; Glass, B.","year":"1959","unstructured":"McIntyre, P. A., Hahn, R., Conley, C. L., and Glass, B. (1959). Genetic factors in predisposition to pernicious anemia. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp., 104, 309-342.","journal-title":"Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)35990-6","article-title":"The differentiation of achylia gastrica and achlorhydria by means of radioactive vitamin Bl","volume":"29","author":"MacLean, L.D.","year":"1955","unstructured":"MacLean, L. D. (1955). The differentiation of achylia gastrica and achlorhydria by means of radioactive vitamin Bl,. Gastroenterology, 29, 653-665.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"256","article-title":"Anaemia and the alimentary tract: the stomach","volume":"2","author":"Magnus, H.A.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Magnus, H. A. (1958). Anaemia and the alimentary tract: the stomach. Royal College of Physicians Conference. Lancet, 2, 256.","journal-title":"Royal College of Physicians Conference. Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"242","article-title":"The relationship of the acid output to the parietal cell population of the stomach","volume":"1","author":"Marks, I.N.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Marks, I. N. (1956). The relationship of the acid output to the parietal cell population of the stomach. Scot. med. J., 1, 242.","journal-title":"Scot. med. J"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1955.tb05510.x","article-title":"Addisonian pernicious anaemia without gastric atrophy in a young man","volume":"1","author":"Molin, D.L.; Baker, S.J.; Doniacb, I.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Molin, D. L., Baker, S. J., and Doniacb, I. (1955). Addisonian pernicious anaemia without gastric atrophy in a young man. Brit. J. Haemat., 1, 278-290.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Haemat"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(58)80102-X","article-title":"The independent secretion of acid, pepsin and \"intrinsic factor\" by the human stomach","volume":"34","author":"Poliner, I.J.; Spiro, H.M.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Poliner, I. J., and Spiro, H. M. (1958). The independent secretion of acid, pepsin and \"intrinsic factor\" by the human stomach. Gastroenterology, 34, 196-209.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1933.00150250087005","article-title":"Histamine test meals. An analysis of 983 consecutive tests","volume":"51","author":"Polland, W.S.","year":"1933","unstructured":"Polland, W. S. (1933). Histamine test meals. An analysis of 983 consecutive tests. Arch. intern. Med., 51, 903-919.","journal-title":"Arch. intern. Med"},{"key":"ref_28","series-title":"J. lab. clin. Med; Intrinsic factor studies: III. Further observations utilizing the urinary radioactivity test in subjects with achlorhydria, pernicious anemia or a total gastrectomy","first-page":"926","article-title":"A study of achlorhydria and its relation to anaemia","volume":"45","author":"Retief, F.P.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Retief, F. P. (1959). A study of achlorhydria and its relation to anaemia. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxon. Schilling, R. F., Clatanoff, D. V., and Korst, D. R. (1955). Intrinsic factor studies: III. Further observations utilizing the urinary radioactivity test in subjects with achlorhydria, pernicious anemia or a total gastrectomy. J. lab. clin. Med., 45, 926-934."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(50)80068-9","article-title":"Some fallacies in the clinical measurement of gastric acidity with special reference to the histamine test","volume":"15","author":"Shay, H.; Komarov, S.A.; Berk, J.E.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Shay, H., Komarov, S. A., and Berk, J. E. (1950). Some fallacies in the clinical measurement of gastric acidity with special reference to the histamine test. Gastroenterology, 15, 110-117.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.103.2663.50","article-title":"A gastric mucigogue action of the alkyl sulfates","volume":"103","author":"Shay, H.; Komarov, S.A.; Berk, J.E.; Siplet, H.; Fels, S.S.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Shay, H., Komarov, S. A., and Berk, J. E., Siplet, H., and Fels, S. S. (1946). A gastric mucigogue action of the alkyl sulfates. Science, 103, 50-52.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"661","article-title":"An improved method for the rapid estimation of vitamin B%, in serum","volume":"14","author":"Spray, G.H.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Spray, G. H. (1955). An improved method for the rapid estimation of vitamin B%, in serum. Clin. Sci., 14, 661-667.","journal-title":"Clin. Sci"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5066.295","article-title":"Results of three years' experience with microbiological assay of vitamin Bl, in serum","volume":"1","author":"Spray, G.H.; Witts, L.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Spray, G. H. and Witts, L. J. (1958). Results of three years' experience with microbiological assay of vitamin Bl, in serum. Brit. med. J., 1, 295-298.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195612272552603","article-title":"Pernicious anemia in childhood","volume":"255","author":"Stevenson, T.D.; Little, J.A.; Langley, L.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Stevenson, T. D., Little, J. A., and Langley, L. (1956). Pernicious anemia in childhood. New Engl. J. Med., 255, 1219-1223.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. 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The development of pernicious anaemia. Proc. 7th Europ. Congr. Haemat. To be published.","journal-title":"Congr. Haemat"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(49)80060-6","article-title":"The relationship between the secretions of the gastric mucosa and its morphology as shown by biopsy specimens","volume":"12","author":"Wood, I.J.; Doig, R.K.; Motteram, R.; Weiden, S.; Moore, A.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Wood, I. J., Doig, R. K., Motteram, R., Weiden, S., and Moore, A. (1949). The relationship between the secretions of the gastric mucosa and its morphology as shown by biopsy specimens. 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