{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:15:39Z","timestamp":1771456539294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial populations of the small bowel and bile salt metabolism were studied in 15 patients with lesions of the stomach and small intestine. These types of microorganism could be correlated with the site and extent of stasis in the small bowel and the presence of a normally functioning stomach. The presence of obligate anaerobes (bacteroides) and free bile acids could be correlated with areas of stagnation. When these abnormalities were detected throughout the small bowel, steatorrhoea was also noted. However, bacteroides and free bile acids in localized regions of either proximal or distal small bowel were generally associated with normal faecal fat excretion. Vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> malabsorption appeared to be related to the total number of bacteria colonizing the small bowel rather than to any specific type of microorganisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The effect of antibiotics on intestinal function and bacteriology was studied in three patients. In one patient, the broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline was effective in eradicating an abnormal bacterial flora. In the other two, lincomycin, which is specifically effective in eradicating the anaerobic flora, restored intestinal function to normal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.12.963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"963-972","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Bacteria, bile and the small bowel"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sherwood L.","family":"Gorbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soad","family":"Tabaqchali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1969,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5074.803","article-title":"Bacterial content of small intestine of children in health, in coeliac disease, and in fibrocystic disease of pancreas","volume":"1","author":"Anderson, C.M.; Langford, R.F.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Anderson, C. M., and Langford, R. F. (1958). Bacterial content of small intestine of children in health, in coeliac disease, and in fibrocystic disease of pancreas. Brit. med. J., 1, 803-806.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(67)80123-9","article-title":"Importance of bile acid and of an intact distal small intestine for fat absorption","volume":"52","author":"Austad, W.L.; Lack, L.; Tyor, M.P.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Austad, W. L., Lack, L., and Tyor, M. P. (1967). Importance of bile acid and of an intact distal small intestine for fat absorption. Gastroenterology, 52, 638-646.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"359","article-title":"Bacterial changes in the small intestine in malabsorptive states and in pernicious anaemia","volume":"26","author":"Dellipiani, A.W.; Girdwood, E.H.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Dellipiani, A. W., and Girdwood, E. H. (1964). Bacterial changes in the small intestine in malabsorptive states and in pernicious anaemia. Clin. Sci., 26, 359-374.","journal-title":"Clin. Sci"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196405142702007","article-title":"Normal bacterial populations of the intestine and their relation to intestinal function","volume":"270","author":"Donaldson, Jr, R.M.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Donaldson, R. M., Jr. (1964). Normal bacterial populations of the intestine and their relation to intestinal function. New Engi. J. Med., 270, 1050-1056.","journal-title":"New Engi. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105289","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenesis of steatorrhea in the blind loop syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Donaldson, Jr, R.M.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Donaldson, R. M., Jr. (1965). Studies on the pathogenesis of steatorrhea in the blind loop syndrome. J. clin. 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Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"755","article-title":"The bacterial flora of the small intestine","volume":"42","author":"Goldstein, F.; Wirts, C.W.; Josephs, L.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Goldstein, F., Wirts, C. W., and Josephs, L. (1962). The bacterial flora of the small intestine. Gastroenterology, 42, 755-756.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"856","article-title":"Studies of intestinal microflora. II. Micro-organisms of the small intestine and their relations to oral and fecal flora","volume":"53","author":"Plaut, A.G.; Nahas, L.; Weinstein, L.; Spanknebel, G.; Levitan, R.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Plaut, A. G., Nahas, L., Weinstein, L., Spanknebel, G., and Levitan, R. (1967b). Studies of intestinal microflora. II. Micro-organisms of the small intestine and their relations to oral and fecal flora. Ibid., 53, 856-867.","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"845","article-title":"Studies of intestinal microflora. I. 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Gut, 9, 22-27.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)40463-8","article-title":"Thin layer adsorption chromatography of free and conjugated bile acids on silicic acid","volume":"3","author":"Hofmann, A.F.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hofmann, A. F. (1962). Thin layer adsorption chromatography of free and conjugated bile acids on silicic acid. J. Lipid Res., 3, 127-128.","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"500","article-title":"Normal viral and bacterial flora of the human small and large intestine","volume":"247","author":"Kalser, M.H.; Cohen, R.; Arteaga, I.; Yawn, E.; Mayoral, L.; R., Hoffert W.; Frazier, D.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kalser, M. H., Cohen, R., Arteaga, I., Yawn, E., Mayoral, L., Hoffert W. R., and Frazier, D. (1966). Normal viral and bacterial flora of the human small and large intestine. New Engl. J. Med., 247, 500-505.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"956","article-title":"The role of altered bile acid metabolism in the steatorrhoea of experimental blind loop","volume":"45","author":"Kim, Y.S.; Spritz, N.; Blum, M.; Terz, J.; Sherlock, P.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kim, Y. S., Spritz, N., Blum, M., Terz, J., and Sherlock, P. (1967). The role of altered bile acid metabolism in the steatorrhoea of experimental blind loop. J. clin. Invest., 45, 956-962.","journal-title":"J. clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1967.tb05183.x","article-title":"Bile acid transformations by microbial strains belonging to genera found in intestinal contents","volume":"71","author":"Midtvedt, T.; Norman, A.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Midtvedt, T., and Norman, A. (1967). Bile acid transformations by microbial strains belonging to genera found in intestinal contents. 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