{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:43:59Z","timestamp":1768679039806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1974,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Primary biliary cirrhosis is a rare disease in the general population. Estimates of its true incidence are difficult but since survival time is unaffected by treatment, mortality may reflect important regional and other variations. One hundred and sixty-five death certificates collected in England and Wales over the five-year period 1967-1971 were inspected and confirmed an overwhelming predilection for females. Deaths rose sharply at ages 50-54 in the latter with a peak of 4\u00b71 million\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with perhaps a secondary peak at ages 70-74. No relation of mortality with climate, altitude, soil type, annual temperature range, or occupation was found, although outside the UK a broad correlation exists with total cirrhosis deaths. There was a suggestive excess of deaths among married women. The greater frequency of deaths in the London area, a rise in mortality from country to urban areas, a fall-off in deaths from primary biliary cirrhosis in old age, and predominance for social class I suggest a simple relationship with standards of medical care or diagnosis. An `epidemic' of deaths in 1971 is attributed to greater availability of the mitochondrial antibody test in the regions. The importance of familial primary biliary cirrhosis and various models of pathogenesis are discussed. Both constitutional and environmental factors producing the disease must be widely distributed in the population of this country.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.15.6.473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"473-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis: A survey of mortality in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"A. N.","family":"Hamlyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sherlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1974,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-195012000-00002","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Ahrens, E.H.; Payne, M.A.; Kunkel, H.G.; Eisenmenger, W.J.; Blondheim, S.H.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Ahrens, E. H., Payne, M. A., Kunkel, H. G., Eisenmenger, W. J., and Blondheim, S. H. (1950). Primary biliary cirrhosis. 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Mid"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.3.213","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis in twin sisters","volume":"14","author":"Chohan, M.R.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Chohan, M. R. (1973). Primary biliary cirrhosis in twin sisters. Gut, 14, 213-214.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2307\/2343871","article-title":"The age distribution ofcancer: implications for models of carcinogenesis (with Discussion)","volume":"134","author":"Doll, R.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Doll, R. (1971). The age distribution ofcancer: implications for models of carcinogenesis (with Discussion). J. roy. statist. Soc., 134, 133-166.","journal-title":"J. roy. statist. Soc"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"609","article-title":"Mitochondrial and other tissue antibodies in relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Feizi, Ten; Naccarato, R.; Sherlock, S.; Doniach, D.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Feizi, Ten, Naccarato, R., Sherlock, S., and Doniach, D. (1972). Mitochondrial and other tissue antibodies in relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. exp. Immunol., 10, 609-622.","journal-title":"Clin. exp. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"39","article-title":"Family tendency to hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver (Hanot's Disease)","volume":"2","author":"Finlayson, J.","year":"1900","unstructured":"Finlayson, J. (1900). Family tendency to hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver (Hanot's Disease). Glasgow Hosp. Rep., 2, 39-45.","journal-title":"Glasgow Hosp. 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