{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:17:52Z","timestamp":1787242672534,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Detailed information on the structure and composition of gallstones was obtained using an electron probe microanalyser in conjunction with the other methods. Gallstones were studied layer by layer without greatly disturbing the arrangement of the materials present. Elements, including trace elements such as copper, iron, and manganese, were identified and their distributions mapped. The range of the method was extended to determine the character and distribution of certain chemical groups present by treating sections of gallstone with reagents which contained easily detected elements. The nature of the bonding of the sulphur in the stones was studied by examining the sulphur-X-ray spectrum. Pigmented sulphur-containing deposits were found to contain sulphur in a low valence state but taurine conjugates and the sulphate groups of mucosubstances were not detected. Microcrystalline apatite present in the stones contained some manganese and seemed to be implicated in the absorption of the low valence sulphur compound and in the nucleation of some stones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.10.836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"836-842","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Electron probe microanalysis in the study of gallstones."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"J M","family":"Been","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P M","family":"Bills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1977,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.8.630","article-title":"A structural study of gallstones","volume":"16","author":"Bills, P.M.; Lewis, D.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bills, P. M., and Lewis, D. (1975). A structural study of gallstones. Gut, 16, 630-637.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33822-3","article-title":"Biliary mucous substances in dihydrocholesterol-induced cholelithiasis","volume":"57","author":"Freston, J.W.; Bouchier, I.A.D.; Newman, J.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Freston, J. W., Bouchier, I. A. D., and Newman, J. (1969). Biliary mucous substances in dihydrocholesterol-induced cholelithiasis. Gastroenterology, 57, 670-678.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"125","article-title":"Formation of gallstones","volume":"134","author":"Hult6n, 0","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hult6n, 0. (1968). Formation of gallstones. 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Holden-Day: San Francisco."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.90.347","article-title":"Resin-reinforcing technique for sectioning gallstones","volume":"90","author":"Nakamura, N.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Nakamura, N. (1966). Resin-reinforcing technique for sectioning gallstones. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 90, 347-354.","journal-title":"Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"235","article-title":"Mucopolysaccharides and their significance in gallstone formation Tohoku","volume":"93","author":"Nakamura, N.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Nakamura, N. (1967). Mucopolysaccharides and their significance in gallstone formation Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 93, 235-247.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"672","volume":"1","author":"Pearse, A.G.E.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Pearse, A. G. E. (1968). Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied, vol. 1. p. 672 and p. 670. Churchill: London.","journal-title":"Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.40.298","article-title":"An X-ray emission spectroscopic investigation of the chemical bond of sulphur. The peak shifts of Ka and the number of valence electrons of the sulphur atom in compounds","volume":"40","author":"Sato, T.; Takahashi, Y.; Yabe, K.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Sato, T., Takahashi, Y., and Yabe, K. (1967). An X-ray emission spectroscopic investigation of the chemical bond of sulphur. The peak shifts of Ka and the number of valence electrons of the sulphur atom in compounds. Bulletin of the Chemical Society ofJapan, 40, 298-301.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society ofJapan"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.12.1.55","article-title":"A statistical survey of the composition of gallstones in eight countries","volume":"12","author":"Sutor, D.J.; Wooley, S.E.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Sutor, D. J., and Wooley, S. E. (1971). A statistical survey of the composition of gallstones in eight countries. Gut, 12, 55-64.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"349","article-title":"Application of soft X-ray spectroscopy to chemical bonding studies with the electron microprobe","volume-title":"Microprobe Analysis","author":"White, E.W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"White, E. W. (1973). Application of soft X-ray spectroscopy to chemical bonding studies with the electron microprobe. In Microprobe Analysis, pp. 349-369. Edited by C. A."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"354","volume":"9","author":"Andersen","year":"1965","unstructured":"Andersen. Wiley-Interscience: New York. Wilbur, D. W., and Gofman, J. W. (1965). Chemical bonding and the sulphur K X-ray spectrum. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 9, 354-364.","journal-title":"Chemical bonding and the sulphur K X-ray spectrum. Advances in X-ray Analysis"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"343","article-title":"Raster-electronenmikroskopie der Gallensteine","volume":"4","author":"Wolpers, C.; Wosiewitz, U.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wolpers, C., and Wosiewitz, U. (1975). Raster-electronenmikroskopie der Gallensteine. Klinikartz, 4, 343-360.","journal-title":"Klinikartz"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.18.10.836","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T09:00:11Z","timestamp":1765011611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.18.10.836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1977,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.18.10.836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.18.10.836","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]}}}