{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:02:05Z","timestamp":1773860525509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> (A) To examine the prevalence and demographic characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among childbearing women in Scotland; and (B) to determine the extent of maternal HCV infection diagnosed prior to birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> (A) Residual dried blood spot samples from routine neonatal screening, collected throughout Scotland during March-October 2000, were unlinked from identifiers and tested anonymously for HCV antibodies; and (B) electronic record linkage of Scotland\u2019s databases of births and diagnosed HCV infections was performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> (A) Of 30 259 samples, 121 were enzyme linked immunosorbent assay repeat reactive and 88 of these were confirmed as anti-HCV positive in the recombinant immunoblot assay, representing a seroprevalence of 0.29\u20130.40%. HCV seroprevalence was high among 25\u201329 year olds (0.4\u20130.57%), in high deprivation areas (0.92\u20131.07%), and in Greater Glasgow (0.83\u20130.96%) and Grampian (0.38\u20130.62%). Adjusted relative risk for HCV infection was highest among residents in high deprivation areas of Glasgow (7.2 (95% confidence interval 2.0\u201325.5)). (B) Of 121 HCV infections found among women at delivery, 24% and 46% were estimated to have been diagnosed prior to pregnancy and birth, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> HCV prevalence among Scottish childbearing women is consistent with that expected from injecting drug use. Based on reported rates of mother to child transmission, 8\u201311 paediatric infections are expected per annum. Diagnosis in only 24% of infected women prior to pregnancy indicates the extent to which HCV goes unrecognised in the injecting community. The current HCV screening approach\u2014to test only those with a history of injecting drug use (or other risk factors for infection)\u2014identifies approximately a quarter of previously undetected infections among pregnant women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.027383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T20:34:27Z","timestamp":1079037267000},"page":"593-598","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Hepatitis C virus among childbearing women in Scotland: prevalence, deprivation, and diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"S J","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D J","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S O","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L E","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.6120139.x"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07361-3"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/003693300004500501","volume":"45","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03174.x"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208063270601","volume":"327","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80382-1","volume":"31","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-5456(00)00089-9"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249500600101","volume":"6","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7104.333"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.1.108"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02681-7"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.84.3.F201"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909163411210","volume":"341","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.14","first-page":"859","volume":"130","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.3.481"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051219"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.17","first-page":"205","volume":"6","year":"2000","journal-title":"Viral Hepat Rev"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.18","unstructured":"Scottish Needs Assessment Programme. Hepatitis C. Glasgow: Office for Public Health in Scotland, 2000."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.19","unstructured":"Department of Health. Hepatitis C strategy for England. London: Department of Health, 2002."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.20","unstructured":"Hay G, McKeganey N, Hutchinson SJ, on behalf of the project team. Estimating the national and local prevalence of problem drug misuse in Scotland. Edinburgh: ISD, 2001."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.21","unstructured":"Registrar General for Scotland. Annual report of the registrar general of births, deaths and marriages for Scotland, 2000. Edinburgh: RGOS, 2001."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.22","unstructured":"General Register Office for Scotland. Scotland\u2019s census 2001. The Registrar General\u2019s 2001 census report to the Scottish Parliament. Edinburgh: GROS, 2003."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.23","unstructured":"Data Analysis Products Division. S-PLUS 2000 guide to statistics, Vol 1. Seattle: MathSoft, 1997."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.24","unstructured":"StatXact-5 for Windows. Massachusetts: Cytel Software Corporation, 2001."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93261-7"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(97)00127-4"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004598"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00197.x"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.29","unstructured":"Carstairs V, Morris R. Deprivation and health in Scotland. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1991."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.30","unstructured":"McLoone P. Carstairs scores for Scottish postcode sectors from the 1991 census. Glasgow: Public Health Research Unit, University of Glasgow, 1994."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.31","first-page":"142","volume":"36","year":"2002","journal-title":"SCIEH Weekly Report"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.32","unstructured":"Information and Statistics Division. Scottish health statistics 2000. Edinburgh: ISD, 2001."},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.33","first-page":"72","volume":"51","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Bull (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410802"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800068539","volume":"113","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.2.277"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004598","volume":"125","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800004696"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.39","first-page":"123","volume":"5","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.18.1.43"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199505000-00008","volume":"14","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.42","first-page":"434","volume":"13","year":"1996","journal-title":"J AIDS Human Retrovirol"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.43","first-page":"609","volume":"80","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.44","first-page":"529","volume":"84","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90623-1"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.46","first-page":"470","volume":"166","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199606)49:2<132::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9505"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007600532105"},{"key":"2025090713294331000_53.4.593.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135952201317080373"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.2003.027383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T20:29:57Z","timestamp":1757276997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.2003.027383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.2003.027383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2003.027383","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]}}}