{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:46:45Z","timestamp":1768038405493,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In coeliac disease (CD) mucosa, the histological lesion is associated with marked infiltration of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cells. However, the molecular mechanisms which regulate Th1 cell differentiation in CD mucosa are unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To analyse expression of transcription factors which control the Th1 cell commitment in CD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Patients:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Duodenal mucosal samples were taken from untreated CD patients and normal controls.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Interferon \u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin (IL)-4 RNA expression was examined in T lamina propria lymphocytes by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. T-bet and STAT-4, two Th1 promoting transcription factors, and STAT-6 and GATA-3, transcription factors which govern T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cell polarisation, were examined in duodenal biopsies by western blotting. The effect of gliadin and IFN-\u03b3 on expression of T-bet was examined in an ex vivo culture of biopsies taken from normal and treated CD patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    As expected, IFN-\u03b3 but not IL-4 RNA transcripts were increased in the mucosa of CD patients in comparison with controls. CD mucosal samples consistently exhibited higher levels of T-bet than controls. However, no difference in active STAT-4 expression was seen between CD patients and controls, suggesting that Th1 polarisation was not induced by local IL-12. GATA-3 and STAT-6 were also low in both CD and control mucosa. In normal duodenal biopsies, IFN-\u03b3 stimulated T-bet through a STAT-1 dependent mechanism. Challenge of treated CD but not control biopsies with gliadin enhanced T-bet and this effect was also inhibited by STAT-1 inhibition.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study shows that activation of STAT-1 by IFN-\u03b3 promotes T-bet in CD mucosa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.030551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,9]],"date-time":"2004-07-09T18:54:02Z","timestamp":1089399242000},"page":"1090-1095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Regulation of the T helper cell type 1 transcription factor T-bet in coeliac disease 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