{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T03:29:25Z","timestamp":1781148565732,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background and aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The gastroprokinetic activities of ghrelin, the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), prompted us to compare the effect of ghrelin with that of synthetic peptide (growth hormone releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6)) and non-peptide (capromorelin) GHS-R agonists both in vivo and in vitro.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In vivo, the dose dependent effects (1\u2013150 nmol\/kg) of ghrelin, GHRP-6, and capromorelin on gastric emptying were measured by the\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C octanoic breath test which was adapted for use in mice. The effect of atropine, N\n                    <jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>\n                    -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -NAME), or D-Lys\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    -GHRP-6 (GHS-R antagonist) on the gastroprokinetic effect of capromorelin was also investigated. In vitro, the effect of the GHS-R agonists (1 \u00b5M) on electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced responses was studied in fundic strips in the absence and presence of L-NAME.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ghrelin, GHRP-6, and capromorelin accelerated gastric emptying in an equipotent manner, with bell-shaped dose-response relationships. In the presence of atropine or\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -NAME, which delayed gastric emptying, capromorelin failed to accelerate gastric emptying. D-Lys\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    -GHRP-6 also delayed gastric emptying but did not effectively block the action of the GHS-R agonists, but this may be related to interactions with other receptors. EFS of fundic strips caused frequency dependent relaxations that were not modified by the GHS-R agonists. L-NAME turned EFS induced relaxations into cholinergic contractions that were enhanced by ghrelin, GHRP-6, and capromorelin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C octanoic breath test is a valuable technique to evaluate drug induced effects on gastric emptying in mice. Peptide and non-peptide GHS-R agonists accelerate gastric emptying of solids in an equipotent manner through activation of GHS receptors, possibly located on local cholinergic enteric nerves.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.065896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]],"date-time":"2005-04-20T20:14:15Z","timestamp":1114028055000},"page":"1078-1084","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"De Smet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Verbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Depoortere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T L","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221532639000_54.8.1078.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5277.974"},{"key":"2025121221532639000_54.8.1078.2","unstructured":"Bowers CY, Chang J, Momany F, et al. 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