{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:28:40Z","timestamp":1791052120223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma is positively associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and atrophic gastritis. The role of\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and atrophic gastritis in cardia cancer is unclear.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To compare cardia versus non-cardia cancer with respect to the premorbid state of the stomach.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Nested case\u2013control study. To each of 129 non-cardia and 44 cardia cancers, three controls were matched. Serum collected a median of 11.9 years before the diagnosis of cancer was tested for anti-\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies, pepsinogen I:II and gastrin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Non-cardia cancer was positively associated with\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 4.75, 95% CI 2.56 to 8.81) and gastric atrophy (pepsinogen I:II &lt;2.5; OR 4.47, 95% CI 2.71 to 7.37). The diffuse and intestinal histological subtypes of non-cardia cancer were of similar proportions and both showed a positive association with\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    and atrophy. Cardia cancer was negatively associated with\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.59), but\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive cardia cancer showed an association with gastric atrophy (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.06 to 10.5). The predominant histological subtype of cardia cancer was intestinal and was not associated with gastric atrophy compared with the diffuse subtype ((OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.19 to 2.79) vs (OR 3.46, 95% CI 0.32 to 37.5)). Cardia cancer in patients with atrophy had an intestinal: diffuse ratio (1:1) similar to non-cardia cancer (1.9:1), whereas cardia cancers in patients without atrophy were predominantly intestinal (7:1).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These findings indicate two aetiologies of cardia cancer, one associated with\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    atrophic gastritis, resembling non-cardia cancer, and the other associated with non-atrophic gastric mucosa, resembling oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Serological markers of gastric atrophy may provide the key to determining gastric versus oesophageal origin of cardia cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.114504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,22]],"date-time":"2007-02-22T20:42:53Z","timestamp":1172176973000},"page":"918-925","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Two distinct aetiologies of cardia cancer; evidence from premorbid serological markers of gastric atrophy and\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    status"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Svein","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein Emil","family":"Vollset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad H","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Fyfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjetil K","family":"Melby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steinar","family":"Aase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egil","family":"Jellum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E L","family":"McColl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.3.347"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800338","volume":"80","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460100089030"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820815)50:4<775::AID-CNCR2820500425>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970502)71:3<340::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa001999"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.7","first-page":"6735","volume":"52","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200208000-00008"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012315617940"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200003000-00009"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.061"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.50096.x"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70025-9"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655299750026353"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.15","first-page":"85","volume":"103","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.16","first-page":"1","volume":"634","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand Suppl"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.17","first-page":"1","volume":"675","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand Suppl"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91338-6"},{"key":"2025112109561322000_56.7.918.19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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