{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:37:32Z","timestamp":1792460252257,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In coeliac disease (CD), the upper bowel lesion is associated with a marked infiltration of the mucosa with Th1 cells secreting interferon \u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) and expressing the Th1-associated transcription factor, T-bet. However, the molecular mechanisms which regulate T-bet and promote the Th1 cell response are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine whether interleukin 21 (IL21), a cytokine that regulates T cell activation, has a role in CD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Duodenal mucosal samples were taken from CD patients and normal controls. IL21 and T-bet were examined by real-time PCR and western blotting, and IFN\u03b3 was assessed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The effect of blockade of endogenous IL21 on the expression of T-bet was examined in an ex vivo culture of biopsies taken from untreated CD patients. Finally, the role of IL21 in controlling T-bet and IFN\u03b3 was also evaluated in cultures of biopsies taken from treated CD patients and cultured with a peptic\u2013tryptic digest of gliadin (PT) in the presence or absence of a neutralising IL21 antibody.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enhanced IL21 RNA and protein expression was seen in duodenal samples from untreated CD patients. Blockade of IL21 activity in biopsies of untreated CD patients reduced T-bet and IFN\u03b3 secretion. Stimulation of treated CD biopsies with PT enhanced IL21 expression, and neutralisation of IL21 largely prevented PT-driven T-bet and IFN\u03b3 induction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IL21 is overproduced in the mucosa of CD patients, where it helps sustain T-bet expression and IFN\u03b3 production.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.129882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,26]],"date-time":"2007-10-26T18:52:03Z","timestamp":1193424723000},"page":"887-892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Interleukin 21 contributes to the mucosal T helper cell type 1 response in coeliac disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Fina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Sarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Del Vecchio Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Pallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T T","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri885"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30253"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.6.766"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.4098","article-title":"A p55 TNF receptor immunoadhesin prevents T cell-mediated intestinal injury by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase production.","volume":"160","author":"Pender","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70391-4"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.030551"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02237.x"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35040504"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2827"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0202023"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.1"},{"key":"2025090714595154000_57.7.887.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozaki K Kikly K Michalovich D . 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