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The strongest and best-established risk factors for LDs are primary and acquired immunodeficiency (HIV, immunosuppressant), notably via defective immune surveillance of Epstein\u2013Barr virus. In many auto-immune diseases (eg, Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome), inflammatory diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) or chronic suppuration (chronic pyothorax), the risk of LD is increased. In IBD patients, in general, the risk of LD seems to be similar to or very slightly higher than in the general population. The role of immunosuppressants in lymphomagenesis is difficult to individualise because other factors potentially involved are inter-linked. Concordant data suggest that thiopurine therapy is associated with a moderately increased risk of LD. Data regarding methotrexate are scarce and come from diseases other than IBD but the risk seems low. Data regarding risk of LD in IBD patients receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) agents are insufficient at this time, mainly because most of the patients are co-treated with thiopurines. The recently individualised risks of hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma and fatal post-mononucleosis LD, in young male patients with IBD who are co-treated with anti-TNF\u03b1 and thiopurines, and EBV-seronegative IBD males, respectively, are probably low but remain to be better quantified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.181982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,11]],"date-time":"2009-09-11T14:17:31Z","timestamp":1252678651000},"page":"1427-1436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoproliferative disorders: the dust is starting to settle"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Sokol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Beaugerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090712053128000_58.10.1427.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20211"},{"key":"2025090712053128000_58.10.1427.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2003.n.025","article-title":"An update of the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma.","volume":"4","author":"Chiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma"},{"key":"2025090712053128000_58.10.1427.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20288"},{"key":"2025090712053128000_58.10.1427.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860500531682"},{"key":"2025090712053128000_58.10.1427.5","unstructured":"Swerdlow SH Campo E Harris NL . 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