{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:21:56Z","timestamp":1788308516127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aetiology of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is largely unknown. Previous studies have indicated that both environmental and genetic risk factors may be important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We undertook a large case\u2013control study to study possible risk factors in more detail. All patients were sent postal questionnaires on risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified two sets of PBC cases from a geographically defined epidemiology study (epidemiological cases) and from a survey of the national patient support group (Foundation cases). Controls were selected from the electoral roll in strata matched to epidemiological cases by quartiles of age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysable questionnaires were received from 318 epidemiological cases, 2258 Foundation cases and 2438 controls. Statistically significant associations were seen with smoking (OR=1.63 (95% CI, 1.27 to 2.09)), epidemiological cases versus controls (1.57 (1.39 to 1.78)), Foundation cases versus controls, hair dye use (1.37 (0.98 to 1.80)), 1.25 (1.07 to 1.46)), and with previous histories of psoriasis (1.90 (1.21 to 1.91), 2.33 (1.03 to 1.73)), urinary infections (2.06 (1.56 to 0.1.73), 1.80 (1.54 to 2.11)), and shingles (2.38 (1.82 to 3.11), 1.23 (1.08 to 1.43)) and previous autoimmune diseases. Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with PBC (0.57 (0.39 to 0.83), 0.73 (0.61 to 0.79)). We did not identify any associations with obstetric risk factors except a previous history of obstetric cholestasis (2.13 (1.25 to 3.59), 2.20 (1.61 to 3.03)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have confirmed that among environmental risk factors, smoking and the use of some cosmetics as well as urinary infections appear important. Among possible genetic risk factors a family history of PBC is a strong association and that a previous history of obstetric cholestasis as another putative \u2018genetic\u2019 risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.184218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,23]],"date-time":"2010-03-23T23:04:42Z","timestamp":1269385482000},"page":"508-512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Case\u2013control studies of risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis in two United Kingdom populations"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"M I","family":"Prince","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Ducker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O F W","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611213352107"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410063311418"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80097-X"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80444-8"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.4.615"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80137-0"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00237-9","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen Class II associations in serum antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA)-positive and AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"36","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.3.397"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.4.586"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10290-2"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21165"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.7050"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20907"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7.1.e10"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.06.002"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5874"},{"key":"2025121222380072000_59.4.508.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakabayashi K Lian Z Leung P . Loss of tolerance in C57BL\/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease potential conflict of interest: nothing to report. 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