{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:59:09Z","timestamp":1790189949886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The \u2018IN\u2019 of chronic inflammation\u2014that is, the mechanisms of cell entry into the intestinal mucosa, bacterial and foreign antigen invasion, angiogenesis, and the control of gut inflammation through intestinal microvasculature\u2014has received a great deal of attention in studies of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This has resulted in the validation of several targets for the treatment of experimental inflammation\u2014both on immune and non-immune cells\u2014some of which have translated into effective treatments for patients with IBD. An important aspect of this has been our growing understanding of the role the intestinal vascular microcirculation plays in the initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory process, by regulating the migration of leucocytes into the interstitial space. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that it is also important to focus on the \u2018OUT\u2019 of chronic inflammation\u2014that is, the lymphatics and their role in controlling tissue oedema, leucocyte exit, bacterial antigen and inflammatory chemokine clearance. As our understanding of the lymphatics and the role they play grows, another rich source of non-immune cell targets for therapeutic intervention is gradually being revealed. This article describes current knowledge of the roles played by the vascular and lymphatic endothelium throughout the gut in the pathogenesis of IBD, and how this differs from their role under physiological conditions, as well as discussing current and future therapeutic targets that have been identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.207480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]],"date-time":"2011-01-06T22:58:55Z","timestamp":1294354735000},"page":"998-1008","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Role of the vascular and lymphatic endothelium in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: \u2018brothers in arms\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.1","first-page":"G769","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation: a complex interplay of immune and nonimmune cell interactions","volume":"273","author":"Fiocchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i30.4807","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"12","author":"Danese","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70411-7"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32810c8de3"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00943.x"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0603-653"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.090456"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.12.004"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.07.009"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6017"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.55.5.662","article-title":"The microcirculation and inflammation: modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion","volume":"55","author":"Granger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00552.2003"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.13","first-page":"3527","article-title":"Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders","volume":"91","author":"Cines","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070593"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.05.003"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.123166"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2006.00507.x"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12613748"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9178682"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.20","first-page":"G1189","article-title":"Endothelial cell monolayers as a tool for studying microvascular pathophysiology","volume":"273","author":"Kvietys","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.138.5.1117"},{"key":"2025121304385996000_60.7.998.22","first-page":"G982","article-title":"Cell adhesion and migration. 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