{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T22:59:23Z","timestamp":1765666763464,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In disease states of the small intestine--for example, gluten-sensitive enteropathy--there is an increased permeability to large molecules. This increased permeability extends to polar molecules of intermediate size such as disaccharides, whereas small polar molecules are malabsorbed. A recently-developed oral test, based on the simultaneous administration of two test substances, cellobiose (a disaccharide) and mannitol (a small polar molecule) has been used to investigate permeability in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, the result of the test being expressed as the ratio (cellobiose\/mannitol) of the five hour urinary recoveries of the two probe molecules. Results for patients with pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, primary hypolactasia, ileocolic or colonic Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis were comparable with those in normal controls, whereas in 23 out of 24 untreated coeliacs, and five out of eight patients with Crohn's disease involving the more proximal small bowel, the cellobiose\/mannitol ratio was clearly abnormal. A study of its application as a screening procedure for coeliac disease showed that the test was both sensitive and accurate, with fewer false-positive and false-negative results than other recognised screening tests--namely, the xylose test, reticulin antibodies, and blood folate estimations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.6.512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"512-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Intestinal permeability and screening tests for coeliac disease."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"I","family":"Cobden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A T","family":"Axon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"769","article-title":"Significance of antibodies to dietary proteins in the serums of patients with nontropical sprue","volume":"27","author":"Kivel, R.M.; Kearns, D.H.; Liebowitz, D.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Kivel RM, Kearns DH, Liebowitz D. Significance of antibodies to dietary proteins in the serums of patients with nontropical sprue. New Engl J Med 1964; 27: 769-72.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0021042","article-title":"Absorption of intact oligosaccharide in health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Menzies, I.S.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Menzies IS. Absorption of intact oligosaccharide in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 1974; 2: 1042-7.","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6144.1060","article-title":"Intestinal permeability assessed by excretion ratios of two molecules: results in coeliac disease","volume":"2","author":"Cobden, I.; Dickinson, R.J.; Rothwell, J.; Axon, A.T.R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cobden I, Dickinson RJ, Rothwell J, Axon ATR. Intestinal permeability assessed by excretion ratios of two molecules: results in coeliac disease. Br Med J 1978; 2:1060.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"437","article-title":"A non-invasive approach to intestinal permeability in coeliac disease","volume":"19","author":"Cobden, I.; Dickinson, R.J.; Rothwell, J.; Axon, A.T.R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cobden I, Dickinson RJ, Rothwell J, Axon ATR. A non-invasive approach to intestinal permeability in coeliac disease. Gut 1978; 19: A437-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"year":"1980","author":"Cobden, I.","key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Cobden I. MD Thesis, University of Newcastle, 1980."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"668","article-title":"Breath-hydrogen test for small-intestinal bacterial colonisation","volume":"1","author":"Metz, G.; Gassull, M.A.; Drasar, B.S.; Jenkins, D.J.A.; Blendis, L.M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Metz G, Gassull MA, Drasar BS, Jenkins DJA, Blendis LM. 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London: Heinemann, 1974: 161-80."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5873.223","article-title":"Is the xylose test still a worthwhile investigation?","volume":"3","author":"Sladen, G.E.; Kumar, P.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Sladen GE, Kumar PJ. Is the xylose test still a worthwhile investigation? Br Med J 1973; 3: 223-6.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/63.2.261","article-title":"Limitations of the usefulness of the d-xylose absorption test","volume":"63","author":"Krawitt, E.L.; Beeken, W.L.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Krawitt EL, Beeken WL. Limitations of the usefulness of the d-xylose absorption test. Am J Clin Pathol 1975; 63: 261-3.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80138-3","article-title":"Onehour blood xylose test: a reliable index of small bowel function","volume":"92","author":"Buts, J.P.; Morin, C.L.; Roy, C.C.; Weber, A.; Bonin, A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Buts JP, Morin CL, Roy CC, Weber A, Bonin A. Onehour blood xylose test: a reliable index of small bowel function. J Pediatr 1978; 92: 729-33.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80137-1","article-title":"Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease","volume":"92","author":"Christie, D.L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Christie DL. Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease. J Pediatr 1978; 92: 725-8.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"393","article-title":"Evaluation of xylose absorption as measured in blood and urine. A one-hour blood xylose screening","volume-title":"test in malabsorption. Gastroenterology 1978; 75","author":"Haeney, M.R.; Culanck, L.S.; Montgomery, R.D.; Sammons, H.G.","unstructured":"Haeney MR, Culanck LS, Montgomery RD, Sammons HG. Evaluation of xylose absorption as measured in blood and urine. A one-hour blood xylose screening test in malabsorption. Gastroenterology 1978; 75: 393-400."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.8.647","article-title":"IgA class reticulin antibodies in relatives of patients with coeliac disease","volume":"18","author":"Mallas, E.G.; Williamson, N.; Cooper, B.T.; Cooke, W.T.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mallas EG, Williamson N, Cooper BT, Cooke WT. IgA class reticulin antibodies in relatives of patients with coeliac disease. 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