{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:17:15Z","timestamp":1790979435720,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma amino-acid concentrations were measured in 167 patients with liver disease of varying aetiology and severity, all free of encephalopathy, and the results compared with those in 57 control subjects matched for age and sex. In the four groups of patients with chronic liver disease (26 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 23 with primary biliary cirrhosis, 11 with cryptogenic cirrhosis, and 48 with alcoholic hepatitis +\/- cirrhosis) plasma concentrations of methionine were significantly increased, while concentrations of the three branched chain amino-acids were significantly reduced. In the first three groups of patients plasma concentrations of aspartate, serine, and one or both of the aromatic amino-acids tyrosine and phenylalanine were also significantly increased, while in the patients with alcoholic hepatitis +\/- cirrhosis plasma concentrations of glycine, alanine, and phenylalanine were significantly reduced. In the three groups of patients with minimal, potentially reversible liver disease (31 patients with alcoholic fatty liver, 10 with viral hepatitis, and 18 with biliary disease) plasma concentrations of proline and the three branched chain amino-acids were significantly reduced. Patients with alcoholic fatty liver also showed significantly reduced plasma phenylalanine values. Most changes in plasma amino-acid concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease may be explained on the basis of impaired hepatic function, portal-systemic shunting of blood, and hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglucagonaemia. The changes in patients with minimal liver disease are less easily explained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.5.362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"362-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Plasma amino-acid patterns in liver disease."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"M Y","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A W","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J P","family":"Milsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sherlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1982,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.75.2.179","article-title":"The effects of various diets on the liver damage caused by excess cysteine","volume":"75","author":"Earle, D.P.; Victor, J.","year":"1942","unstructured":"Earle DP, Victor J. The effects of various diets on the liver damage caused by excess cysteine. J Exp Med 1942; 75: 179-89.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102258","article-title":"Urinary excretion of amino acids in liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Dunn, M.S.; Akawaie, S.; Yeh, H.L.; Martin, H.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Dunn MS, Akawaie S, Yeh HL, Martin H. Urinary excretion of amino acids in liver disease. J Clin Invest 1950; 29: 302-12.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102686","article-title":"Urinary excretion of amino acids in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in normal adults","volume":"31","author":"Gabuzda, G.J.; Eckhardt, R.D.; Davidson, C.S.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Gabuzda GJ, Eckhardt RD, Davidson CS. Urinary excretion of amino acids in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in normal adults. J Clin Invest 1952; 31: 1015-22.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"483","article-title":"Disturbance of amino acid metabolism following liver injury","volume":"22","author":"Walshe, J.M.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Walshe JM. Disturbance of amino acid metabolism following liver injury. Q J Med 1953; 22: 483-505.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103139","article-title":"Changes in free amino acids in the plasma during hepatic coma","volume":"34","author":"Wu, C.; Bollman, J.L.; Butt, H.R.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Wu C, Bollman JL, Butt HR. Changes in free amino acids in the plasma during hepatic coma. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 845-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"417","article-title":"The plasma amino acids in patients with liver failure","volume":"50","author":"Iber, F.L.; Rosen, H.; Levenson, S.M.; Chalmers, T.C.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Iber FL, Rosen H, Levenson SM, Chalmers TC. The plasma amino acids in patients with liver failure. J Lab Clin Med 1957; 50: 417-25.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"295","article-title":"Renseignements donnes pas l'exploration chromatographique des acides amines libres du serum dans les cirrhoses et la cancer primitif du foie","volume":"9","author":"Payet, M.; Cesaire, O.G.; Camain-Giabicani, R.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Payet M, Cesaire OG, Camain-Giabicani R. Renseignements donnes pas l'exploration chromatographique des acides amines libres du serum dans les cirrhoses et la cancer primitif du foie. Strasbourg Med 1958; 9: 295-304.","journal-title":"Strasbourg Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"583","article-title":"Amino acidi liberi del sangue nella cirrosi epatica","volume":"13","author":"Guacci, L.; Ronchi, F.; De Pasquale, C.; MassimoSimonetti, S.D.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Guacci L, Ronchi F, De Pasquale C, MassimoSimonetti SD. Amino acidi liberi del sangue nella cirrosi epatica. Med Clin Speriment 1963; 13: 583-93.","journal-title":"Med Clin Speriment"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102016","article-title":"Studies in methionine and sulfur metabolism. I. The fate of intravenously administered methionine in normal individuals and in patients with liver damage","volume":"27","author":"Kinsell, L.W.; Harper, H.A.; Barton, H.C.; Hutchin, M.E.; Hess, JR","year":"1948","unstructured":"Kinsell LW, Harper HA, Barton HC, Hutchin ME, Hess JR. Studies in methionine and sulfur metabolism. I. The fate of intravenously administered methionine in normal individuals and in patients with liver damage. J Clin Invest 1948; 27: 677-88.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3453","article-title":"Studies in amino acid metabolism with paper chromatography","volume":"47","author":"Martin, E.; Milhaud, G.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Martin E, Milhaud G. Studies in amino acid metabolism with paper chromatography. Chemical Abstr 1953; 47: 3453.","journal-title":"Chemical Abstr"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"35","article-title":"Studies on the nitrogenous constituents of urine in normal subjects and in patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver, subacute nephritis and hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Pain, S.K.; Banerjee, S.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Pain SK, Banerjee S. Studies on the nitrogenous constituents of urine in normal subjects and in patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver, subacute nephritis and hypertension. Indian J Med Res 1957; 45: 35-9.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref_12","first-page":"812","article-title":"Untersuchunger uber die freien aminosauren in harn und blut plasma von gesunden und von leberkranken","volume":"1960","author":"Knauff, H.G.; Selmair, H.; Reitlinger, A.","unstructured":"Knauff HG, Selmair H, Reitlinger A. Untersuchunger uber die freien aminosauren in harn und blut plasma von gesunden und von leberkranken. Klin Wochenschr 1960; 38: 812-9.","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02803818","article-title":"A qualitative study of plasma and urinary amino acids in Indian childhood cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"Mehta, S.; Wahia, B.N.S.; Ghai, O.P.; Taneja, P.N.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Mehta S, Wahia BNS, Ghai OP, Taneja PN. A qualitative study of plasma and urinary amino acids in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Indian J Pediatr 1964; 31: 187-90.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"41","article-title":"Dosage et differenciation des acid amines urinaires chez le cirrhotique avant et apres anastomose porto-cave","volume":"24","author":"Ambert, J.P.; Pechary, C.; Lemonnier, A.; Housset, E.; Hartmann, L.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ambert JP, Pechary C, Lemonnier A, Housset E, Hartmann L. Dosage et differenciation des acid amines urinaires chez le cirrhotique avant et apres anastomose porto-cave. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1966; 24: 41-50.","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-194803000-00004","article-title":"Studies of urinary excretion of methionine by normals and by patients having liver diseases","volume":"215","author":"Wheeler, J.E.; Gyorgy, P.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Wheeler JE, Gyorgy P. Studies of urinary excretion of methionine by normals and by patients having liver diseases. Am J Med Sci 1948; 215: 267-72.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"22","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in liver disease","volume-title":"foundation symposium on liver disease","author":"Dent, C.E.; Walshe, J.M.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Dent CE, Walshe JM. Amino acid metabolism in liver disease. In: Wolstenholme CEW, Sherlock S, eds. Ciba foundation symposium on liver disease. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1951: 22-31."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01483834","article-title":"Dei freien plasmaaminosauren bei lebercirrhose und hepatitis","volume":"42","author":"Knauff, H.G.; Seybold, D.; Miller, B.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Knauff HG, Seybold D, Miller B. Dei freien plasmaaminosauren bei lebercirrhose und hepatitis. Klin Wochenschr 1964; 42: 326-32.","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"233","article-title":"Amino acid and alpha-keto acid concentrations in plasma and blood of the liverless dog","volume":"6","author":"McMenamy, R.H.; Vang, J.H.; Drapanas, T.","year":"1965","unstructured":"McMenamy RH, Vang JH, Drapanas T. Amino acid and alpha-keto acid concentrations in plasma and blood of the liverless dog. Am J Physiol 1965; 209: 1046-52. 19 lob V, Coon WW, Sloan M. Altered clearance of free amino acids from plasma of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Surg Res 1966; 6: 233-9.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol; Altered clearance of free amino acids from plasma of patients with cirrhosis of the liver"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02232835","article-title":"Plasma and urinary amino acids in Laennec's cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Zinneman, H.H.; Seal, U.S.; Doe, R.P.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Zinneman HH, Seal US, Doe RP. Plasma and urinary amino acids in Laennec's cirrhosis. Am J Digest Dis 1967; 14: 118-26.","journal-title":"Am J Digest Dis"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"794","article-title":"Alteration in plasma free amino acids in dogs with hepatic insufficiency","volume":"130","author":"Iob, V.; Mattson, Jr, W.J.; Sloan, M.; Coon, W.W.; Turcotte, J.G.; CG, III, Child","year":"1970","unstructured":"Iob V, Mattson WJ, Jr, Sloan M, Coon WW, Turcotte JG, Child CG III. Alteration in plasma free amino acids in dogs with hepatic insufficiency. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970; 130: 794-800.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(74)90053-5","article-title":"Plasma amino acids in two experimental forms of liver damage","volume":"16","author":"Aguirre, A.; Yoshimura, N.; Westman, T.; Fischer, J.E.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Aguirre A, Yoshimura N, Westman T, Fischer JE. Plasma amino acids in two experimental forms of liver damage. J Surg Res 1974; 16: 339-45.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(74)90009-9","article-title":"Plasma amino acids in patients with hepatic encephalopathy: Effects of amino acid infusions","volume":"127","author":"Fischer, J.E.; Yoshimura, N.; Aguirre, A.; James, J.H.; Cummings, M.G.; Abel, R.M.; Deindoerfer, F.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fischer JE, Yoshimura N, Aguirre A, James JH, Cummings MG, Abel RM, Deindoerfer F. Plasma amino acids in patients with hepatic encephalopathy: Effects of amino acid infusions. Am J Surg 1974; 127: 40-7.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"276","article-title":"The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"78","author":"Fischer, J.E.; Funovics, J.M.; Aguirre, A.; James, J.H.; Keane, J.M.; Wesdorp, R.I.C.; Yoshimura, N.; Westman, T.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fischer JE, Funovics JM, Aguirre A, James JH, Keane JM, Wesdorp RIC, Yoshimura N, Westman T. The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. Surgery 1975; 78: 276-90.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80261-8","article-title":"Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology","volume":"72","author":"Rosen, H.M.; Yoshimura, N.; Hodgman, J.M.; Fischer, J.E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rosen HM, Yoshimura N, Hodgman JM, Fischer JE. Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 483-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1976.tb00533.x","article-title":"Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"Record, C.O.; Buxton, B.; Chase, R.A.; Curzon, G.; MurrayLyon, I.M.; Williams, R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Record CO, Buxton B, Chase RA, Curzon G, MurrayLyon IM, Williams R. Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy. Europ J Clin Invest 1976; 6: 387-94.","journal-title":"Europ J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103040","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in infectious hepatitis","volume":"33","author":"SS, Hsia D.Y.Gellis","year":"1954","unstructured":"Hsia DY. Gellis SS. Amino acid metabolism in infectious hepatitis. J Clin Invest 1954; 33: 1603-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"560","article-title":"The effect of amino acid-glucose infusions upon the serum amino acid and blood sugar concentrations in viral hepatitis","volume":"46","author":"D, Mellinkoff S.M.Boyle; M, Frankland","year":"1955","unstructured":"Mellinkoff SM. Boyle D, Frankland M. The effect of amino acid-glucose infusions upon the serum amino acid and blood sugar concentrations in viral hepatitis. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 46: 560-7.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"605","article-title":"Plasma amino acid patterns in alcohol: the effects","volume-title":"of ethanol loading. Proc Nat Acad Sci","volume":"51","author":"Siegel, F.L.; Roach, M.K.; Pomeroy, L.R.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Siegel FL, Roach MK, Pomeroy LR. Plasma amino acid patterns in alcohol: the effects of ethanol loading. Proc Nat Acad Sci 1964; 51: 605-11."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105690","article-title":"Tyrosine metabolism in patients with liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Levine, R.J.; Conn, H.O.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Levine RJ, Conn HO. Tyrosine metabolism in patients with liver disease. J Clin Invest 1967; 42: 2012-20.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"554","article-title":"Serum amino acid concentrations in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"70","author":"Ning, M.; Lowenstein, L.M.; Davidson, C.S.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Ning M, Lowenstein LM, Davidson CS. Serum amino acid concentrations in alcoholic hepatitis. J Lab Clin Med 1967; 70: 554-62.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(75)80243-5","article-title":"Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Mata, J.M.; Kershenobich, D.; Rojkind, Villarreal E.; M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mata JM, Kershenobich D, Villarreal E. Rojkind M. Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline in patients with chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1265-9.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(73)90070-X","article-title":"A study of plasma free amino acid levels. III. Variation during growth and ageing","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong, M.D.; Stave, U.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Armstrong MD, Stave U. A study of plasma free amino acid levels. III. Variation during growth and ageing. Metabolism 1973; 22: 571-8.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(79)90101-X","article-title":"Factors affecting plasma amino acid concentrations in control subjects","volume":"28","author":"Milsom, J.P.; Morgan, M.Y.; Sherlock, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Milsom JP, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Factors affecting plasma amino acid concentrations in control subjects. Metabolism 1979; 28: 313-9.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. II. Ketone bodies formation from alpha-ketoisocaproate, the ketoanalogue of leucine by rat liver mitochondria","volume":"76","author":"Noda, C.; Ichihara, A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Noda C, Ichihara A. Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. II. Ketone bodies formation from alpha-ketoisocaproate, the ketoanalogue of leucine by rat liver mitochondria. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1974; 76: 1123-30.","journal-title":"J Biochem (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"708","article-title":"The role of the liver and the non-hepatic tissues in the regulation of free amino acid levels in the blood","volume-title":"acid pools","author":"Miller, L.L.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Miller LL. The role of the liver and the non-hepatic tissues in the regulation of free amino acid levels in the blood. In: Holden JT, ed. Amino acid pools. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1970: 708-21."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.6.1376","article-title":"Oxidation of leucine by rat skeletal muscle","volume":"223","author":"Odessey, R.; Goldberg, A.L.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Odessey R, Goldberg AL. Oxidation of leucine by rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1972; 223: 1376-83.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"77","key":"ref_37","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effect of insulin on amino acid content of blood","volume":"1928","author":"Luck, J.M.; Morrison, G.; Wilbur, L.F.","unstructured":"Luck JM, Morrison G, Wilbur LF. Effect of insulin on amino acid content of blood. J Biol Chem 1928; 77: 151-6.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Protein turnover and amino acid metabolism","volume-title":"regulation of gluconeogenesis. Fed Proc","volume":"33","author":"Felig, P.; Wahren, J.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Felig P, Wahren J. Protein turnover and amino acid metabolism in regulation of gluconeogenesis. Fed Proc 1974; 33: 1092-7."},{"issue":"124","key":"ref_39","first-page":"142","article-title":"Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in patients with liver disease","volume":"1969","author":"Collins, JR, Crofford; O.B.","unstructured":"Collins JR, Crofford OB. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in patients with liver disease. Arch Intern Med 1969; 124: 142-8.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"371","article-title":"Liver disease and diabetes mellitus","volume-title":"Progress in liver disease","volume":"3","author":"W, Crentzfeldt; H, Frerichs; K, Sickinger","year":"1970","unstructured":"Crentzfeldt.W, Frerichs H, Sickinger K. Liver disease and diabetes mellitus. In: Popper H, Schaffner F, eds. Progress in liver disease, volume 3. London: Heinemann, 1970: 371-407."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"722","article-title":"Insulin, plasma amino acid imbalance and hepatic coma","volume":"1","author":"Munro, H.N.; Feinstrom, J.D.; Wurtman, R.J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Munro HN, Feinstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Insulin, plasma amino acid imbalance and hepatic coma. Lancet 1975; 1: 722-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis: diminished degradation or hypersecretion?","volume":"1","author":"Johnston, D.G.; Alberti, K.G.M.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Johnston DG, Alberti KGMM. Hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis: diminished degradation or hypersecretion? Lancet 1977; 1: 1W-12.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01222973","article-title":"Insulin and glucagon concentrations in portal and peripheral veins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Greco, A.V.; Crucitti, F.; Ghirlanda, G.; Manna, R.; Altomonte, L.; Rebuzzi, A.G.; Bertoli, A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Greco AV, Crucitti F, Ghirlanda G, Manna R, Altomonte L, Rebuzzi AG, Bertoli A. Insulin and glucagon concentrations in portal and peripheral veins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Diabetologia 1979; 17: 23-8.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80166-3","article-title":"Effect of spontaneous portal-systemic shunting on insulin metabolism","volume":"76","year":"1979","unstructured":"Smith-Laing G, Sherlock S, Faber 0. Effect of spontaneous portal-systemic shunting on insulin metabolism. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 685-90.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90667-8","article-title":"Effect of spontaneous portalsystemic shunting on plasma insulin and amino acid concentrations","volume":"78","author":"Iwasaki, Y.; Sato, H.; Ohkubo, A.; Sanjo, T.; Futagawa, S.; Sugiura, M.; Tsuji, S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Iwasaki Y, Sato H, Ohkubo A, Sanjo T, Futagawa S, Sugiura M, Tsuji S. Effect of spontaneous portalsystemic shunting on plasma insulin and amino acid concentrations. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 677-83.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"4033","article-title":"Specific endocrine and hormonal receptor changes associated with liver regeneration","volume-title":"adult rats. Proc Nat Acad Sci","volume":"72","author":"Leffert, H.; Alexander, N.M.; Faloona, G.; Rubalcava, B.; Unger, R.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Leffert H, Alexander NM, Faloona G, Rubalcava B, Unger R. Specific endocrine and hormonal receptor changes associated with liver regeneration in adult rats. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1975; 72: 4033-6."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1423","article-title":"liver regeneration and DNA synthesis","volume":"25","author":"Burcher, N.L.R.; Insulin, Weir G.C.; glucagon","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burcher NLR, Weir GC. Insulin, glucagon, liver regeneration and DNA synthesis. Metabolism 1977; 25: 1423-5.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197401312900502","article-title":"Hyperglucagonemia in Laennec's cirrhosis. The role of portal systemic shunting","volume":"290","author":"Sherwin, R.; Joshi, P.; Hendler, R.; Felig, P.; Conn, H.O.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sherwin R, Joshi P, Hendler R, Felig P, Conn HO. Hyperglucagonemia in Laennec's cirrhosis. The role of portal systemic shunting. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 239-42.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"594","article-title":"Insulin and glucagon levels in liver cirrhosis. Relationship with plasma amino acid imbalance of chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"24","author":"Marchesini, G.; Forlani, G.; Zoli, M.; Angiolini, A.; Scolari, M.P.; Bianchi, F.B.; Pisi, E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Marchesini G, Forlani G, Zoli M, Angiolini A, Scolari MP, Bianchi FB, Pisi E. Insulin and glucagon levels in liver cirrhosis. Relationship with plasma amino acid imbalance of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24: 594-601.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0620285","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of alpha-ketoiscocaproate - influence on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis","author":"Eriksson, S.; Hagenfeldt, L.; Wahren, J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Eriksson S, Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J. Intravenous infusion of alpha-ketoiscocaproate - influence on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Sci 1982; in press.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.29.11.875","article-title":"Epinephrineinduced hypoaminoacidemia in normal and diabetic human subjects. Effect of beta blockade","volume":"29","author":"Shamoon, H.; Jacob, R.; Sherwin, R.S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Shamoon H, Jacob R, Sherwin RS. Epinephrineinduced hypoaminoacidemia in normal and diabetic human subjects. Effect of beta blockade. Diabetes 1980; 29: 875-81.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1981.tb00883.x","article-title":"Influence of branched-chain amino-acid infusion on arterial concentrations and brain exchange of amino acids in patients with hepatic cirrhosis","volume":"1","author":"Sato, Y.; Eriksson, S.; Hagenfeldt, L.; Wahren, J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sato Y, Eriksson S, Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J. Influence of branched-chain amino-acid infusion on arterial concentrations and brain exchange of amino acids in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Clin Physiol 1981; 1: 151-65.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2039","article-title":"Synaptic biochemistry of","volume-title":"amino acids. Fed Proc 1973","volume":"32","author":"Snyder, S.H.; Young, A.B.; Bennett, J.P.; Mulder, A.A.","unstructured":"Snyder SH, Young AB, Bennett JP, Mulder AA. Synaptic biochemistry of amino acids. Fed Proc 1973; 32: 2039-47."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"795","article-title":"Plasma free amino acid pattern in protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"2","author":"Saunders, S.J.; Truswell, A.S.; Barbezat, G.O.; Wittman, W.; Hansen, J.D.L.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Saunders SJ, Truswell AS, Barbezat GO, Wittman W, Hansen JDL. Plasma free amino acid pattern in protein-calorie malnutrition. Lancet 1967; 2: 795-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(67)90070-3","article-title":"Effect of ethanol and other alcohols on the transport of amino acids and glucose by evented sacs of rat small intestine","volume":"135","author":"Chang, T.; Lewis, J.; Glazko, A.J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Chang T, Lewis J, Glazko AJ. Effect of ethanol and other alcohols on the transport of amino acids and glucose by evented sacs of rat small intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1967; 135: 1000-7.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/96.4.499","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of alcohol on intestinal amino acid transport in vivo and in vitro","volume":"96","author":"Israel, Y.; Salazar, I.; Rosenmann, E.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Israel Y, Salazar I, Rosenmann E. Inhibitory effects of alcohol on intestinal amino acid transport in vivo and in vitro. J Nutr 1968; 96: 499-504.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"98","key":"ref_57","first-page":"222","article-title":"Alcohol and amino acid transport in the human small intestine","volume":"1969","author":"Israel, Y.; Valenzuela, J.E.; Salazar, I.; Ugarte, G.","unstructured":"Israel Y, Valenzuela JE, Salazar I, Ugarte G. Alcohol and amino acid transport in the human small intestine. J Nutr 1969; 98: 222-4.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"335","article-title":"Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver","volume":"1","author":"Ashmore, J.; Weber, G.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ashmore J, Weber G. Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. In: Dickens F, Randle PJ, Whelan WJ, eds. Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders, volume 1. New York: Academic Press, 1968: 335-74.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.23.5.362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T09:18:43Z","timestamp":1765617523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.23.5.362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1982,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.23.5.362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.23.5.362","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]}}}